土火之艺——馆藏历代陶瓷展览
Exhibition of Pottery and Porcelain through Dynasties
2009/11/17 前 言
水、土、火的碰撞，产生了绚丽多彩的陶瓷文化。陶器是全人类共同拥有的财富。而瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的重要贡献，中国因此而拥有了“瓷之国度”的美称。
早在新石器时代，我们的祖先就已经学会制造和使用陶器。商周时期出现了原始瓷。成熟的青釉瓷器烧成于一千八百多年前的东汉时期。经过三国两晋南北朝的初步发展，到了唐宋时期，我国的制瓷业进入第一个发展高峰。明清时期，我国陶瓷业发展到了巅峰阶段。
至少在唐代，我国已开始大量出口陶瓷器。此后历经宋、元、明、清各朝，日益发展，长久不衰。从东海和南海通向东亚、东南亚、中西亚、非洲、欧洲以及美洲的各条航线，无不见证了这一辉煌。因此这条海外贸易通道也被称为“陶瓷之路”。
广东最早的陶器出现在新石器时代早期。晋代开始出现青釉瓷器。唐、宋、元时期广东的制瓷业飞速发展，并大量输出国外。明、清时期，石湾陶器、广彩瓷器成为斐声中外的著名品种。
一部中国陶瓷史，反映的不仅仅是整个中国文化史的面貌，而且也书写了经济贸易史、工艺美术史、航海史、对外贸易史等方面的华彩篇章。
Introduction
Collision of water, clay and fire gave rise to colorful pottery and porcelain culture. Pottery is a treasure of humankind. However, porcelain is an important contribution of the Chinese nation to the world civilization. China won its name as \of Porcelain\
As early as the Neolithic Age, Chinese people had already got to know how to make and use pottery. Proto-porcelain had been made in the Shang Dynasty. Mature green glazed porcelain was made in the Eastern Han Dynasty and had well developed in the Three Kingdoms, the Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties, and the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry reached its first peak of development. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese ceramic industry developed to a summit stage.
Porcelain had begun to export in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, large quantities of pottery and porcelain exported from the East Sea and
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the South China Sea to East Asia, Central and West Asia, Africa, Europe and America, which witnessed the glory .Therefore the oversea trade line was also named as ―Road of Porcelain‖.
Pottery was first made in Guangdong in the early Neolithic Age. In the Jin Dynasty, green glazed porcelain was made. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, ceramic industry developed well and exported to foreign countries. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shiwan pottery and Kwon-glazed porcelain had enjoyed a high reputation at home and abroad.
A history of Chinese pottery and porcelain reflects not only an overview of cultural history of China, but also shows the history in terms of economy and trade, arts and crafts, maritime, foreign trade and so on 制瓷：瓷器是如何制造出来的
1、采泥：制作瓷器的原料主要有瓷土、瓷石、高岭土、长石等。瓷土指粉碎瓷
石所得之土或人工配制成的制瓷原料，由高岭土、石英、长石等组成，主要成份是二氧化硅（SiO2）和氧化铝（Al2O3）。瓷石由石英、长石、绢云母、高岭石等组成，完全风化后就是常见的瓷土。高岭土是一种以高岭石为主要成分的黏土，因发现于江西景德镇的高岭村而得名，国际上称为Kaolin。一般含二氧化硅（SiO2）46.5％，氧化铝（Al2O3）39.54％。因高岭土可塑性差、熔点高，所以单纯用高岭土是不能制成瓷器的，须掺入其它原料。长石是以二氧化硅（SiO2）和氧化铝（Al2O3）为主，并夹杂钠、钾、钙等金属的化合物。用含有较多长石的原料制成的瓷器，胎质坚硬，呈半透明状，并具有较好的化学稳定性。
2、练泥：从矿区采取瓷石或瓷土，经水碓舂细，淘洗，除去杂质，沉淀后制成
砖状的泥块。然后再用水调和泥块，去掉渣质，反复翻扑或敲打踏练，把泥团中的空气挤压出来，使泥中的水分均匀、组织细密，以改善胎泥的成型性能。
3、拉坯 ：将练好的胎泥臵于辘轳车的转盘中心，随手法的屈伸收放拉制出坯体
的大致模样。
4、修坯：对已干燥（或半干）的坯体，进行外型的修平、磨光、挖底、钻眼等
精修工作。分干修和湿修两种。前者因干燥后的坯体含水分低，修坯时不易变形，但粉尘较大。后者坯体水分含量较高，修坯时粉尘较小，但掌握不好，坯体容易变形。
5、晒坯：将加工成型的坯体摆放在木架上晾干。
6、装饰：美化瓷器的重要工序。一般是在瓷坯入窑前对其进行纹饰加工，以增
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强器物的审美效果。常见的装饰技法有印花、刻花、划花、镂空、贴花、剔花、绘画等。工具多为印模（或范）、毛笔、刻刀、划针、剔刀等。除了釉上彩以外，其他装饰均在施釉前进行。而印花则是在坯体半干湿时进行。 7、施釉：亦称上釉、挂釉、罩釉等。指在陶瓷坯体表面施一层瓷土（或陶土）、
助熔剂加水调和成的釉浆。这层釉浆经焙烧后即成为光亮、坚硬的釉层。古代施釉的方法有多种，早期通常为刷釉，汉以后多为蘸釉、荡釉、浇釉。明清景德镇窑部分瓷器施釉时采用喷釉、吹釉、轮釉等方法，器物釉层厚薄均匀。
8、烧窑：是陶瓷制作的最后一道工序。分一次烧成和二次烧成（釉上彩瓷器）
两类。将陶瓷坯件装入窑炉中焙烧，时间过程约一昼夜至三昼夜，温度在1100——1300℃左右。焙烧时，陶瓷器的胎、釉发生一系列的物理变化和化学反应，使产品获得所需要的强度、光泽、釉色和其他性能。
第一部分 初见窑火——陶器的起源与瓷器的滥觞
（新石器—三国两晋南北朝）
陶瓷器的出现，与人们的日常生活有着密切的关系。
我国目前发现最早的陶器碎片，距今已有一万多年。陶器的发明，在人类发展史上具有划时代的意义——它是人类最早的化学革命，促进了农业的发展，以及人类定居生活的更加稳定。
商周时期，在黄河、长江中下游的广大地区出现了原始瓷。最早的成熟瓷器是青釉瓷，出现在东汉时期的浙江地区。瓷器是我国人民的重要创造之一，丰富了人类的物质和文化生活。三国两晋南北朝时期，战乱频仍。江南地区较之北方相对安定，因而瓷业得以较大发展。北方地区的瓷业则发展相对缓慢。这一时期的陶瓷器型日渐增多，大量流行随葬用的陶明器，并出现了釉彩装饰瓷器。
Part One Origin
(From the Neolithic Age to the Southern and Northern Dynasties) The emergence of pottery and porcelain had a close relationship with daily life. At present, pottery fragments dating back to more than 10,000 years ago are regarded as the earliest pottery found in China. As a significant epoch-making creation, pottery brought human beings the earliest chemical revolution, which promoted the development of agriculture and made life settlement more stable.
Proto-porcelain was first made in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties .The earliest green glazed porcelain
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was first made in the Zhejiang area in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Porcelain is one of important creations of Chinese people. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, in contrast to the frequent wars and turbulence in the north of China, the stable social environment in the south of China helped the ceramic industry develop well. At this time, more shapes of pottery and porcelain were made .Funeral pottery objects were popular .Color glazed porcelain was made.
*1、马家窑类型四山字纹彩陶钵 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前）
马家窑文化是黄河上游地区新石器时代晚期，因最先发现于甘肃临洮马家窑而得名，主要分马家窑、半山、马厂三期。马家窑文化陶器胎体多为细泥红陶，其彩陶常见纹饰有弦纹、波纹、旋涡纹、网纹、圆圈纹等。这件展品为马家窑类型中较为精美的器物，年代约为公元前3300~前2900年。四山字纹在战国至西汉时期青铜镜上较多见，而在新石器时代陶器上十分罕见。 Painted pottery bowl, Majiayao Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago)
The Majiayao Culture, located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in the late Neolithic Age, is named for its being first unearthed in the Majiayao, Lintao ,Gansu .Most pottery wares of the culture were red clay bodies with bow string pattern, whorl design and running-spiral design ,etc.This fine bowl represents the high workmanship of the culture.
2、马家窑类型双耳彩陶壶 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前） Painted pottery pot with two ears, Majiayao Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago)
#3、半山类型双耳叶纹彩陶壶 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前）
半山类型陶器为马家窑文化晚期的一个类型，年代约公元前2900~前2350年。其纹饰较复杂，动感强烈，以红彩和黑彩两色相间的锯齿纹为骨架构成各种图案。常见的图案有水波纹、漩涡纹、菱形网纹、方格纹、蛙纹和附加堆纹等。 Painted pottery pot with design of leaves, Banshan Culture Neolithic Age (about 4000 to 10000 years ago)
The Banshan Culture is a late phase of the Majiayao Culture at about 2900 to 2350 BC. Pottery of the Culture was designed with complicated patterns, such as wave design, whorl design, running-spiral design, rhomboid mesh design and trellis pattern, etc.
*4、半山类型五圆圈纹双耳彩陶罐 新石器时代（约1万年～4千年前）
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