专题一 名词 一、 名词的分类：可数名词和不可数名词

1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 ―a或an‖；复数形式是在名词后加 ―-s或-es‖。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：

当名词为： 词尾变化 读音 在清辅音后读/s/ 一般情况 加s 在浊辅音或元音后读/z/ 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词 以字母o结尾的单词 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词 以f 或fe结尾的单词 以th结尾的词 2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母

eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice ②单复数同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,… ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers

注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news

3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a或an 3).没有复数形式 4).可用some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰 5).可用―量词短语‖表示

不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法: (1)

同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物，

加es /iz/ boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers watches, boxes, classes, brushes zoos, photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, /z/ dictionaries, strawberries, 例词 chips, jeeps, pats , clocks 加s或es /z/ 去y 变i加es 去f或fe 变v 加 es 加s /vz/ /ez/; /θz/ leaves, wives, halves mouths, paths; months, deaths time 时间 --- times 时代，green 绿色 ---greens 青菜

(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg. hope ---hopes 希望 hardship --- hardships 艰苦

(3)

物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示

eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …

（4）有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。 例： fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物——foods各种食品；fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯／一份饮料、一杯酒； cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布； sand沙——sands沙滩； tea茶——a tea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁——an orange橘子； glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜； paper纸——a paper试卷、论文；wood木头——a wood小森林；room空间、余地——a room房间 三、名词的所有格

1. ’s 所有格。1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加―‘s.‖ This is ____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom .

2). 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加―‘s.‖ These are ________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags .

3).以s结尾的名词，变所有格时在s后加―‘‖,不以s 结尾的复数名词，仍加―‘s‖ Teachers‘ Day Children‘s Day

2.of 所有格1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。 the map of China the door of the room 2).双重所有格：of + 名词所有格of + 名词性的物住代词

He is a friend of my _________(brother ) . Is she a daughter of __________(you)?

巩固练习：

1.( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( )2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?

A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( )3 _____are____for cutting things.

A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( )4 What big____ the tiger has!

A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes

( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___.

A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?

-Yes, please.

A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear 2.( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books.

A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories

( )2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit.

A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice

( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad.

A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is!

A. / B. the C. an D. a

3.( )1 -Would you like___tea?

-No, thanks. I have drunk two____.

A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange

C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges

( )2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat.

A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( )3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse.

A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time

( )4 I would like to have___.

A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me ____?

A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of

( )7 John bought___for himself yesterday.

A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 参考答案：1. 1-7 C C B B B B C 2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B C D A D D A

练习与巩固：

（ ）1. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories

（ ）2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.

A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges （ ）3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to his home .

A. 25 minutes‘ walk B. 25 minute‘s walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk （ ）4. An old _______ wants to see you.

A. people B. person C. the people D. the person （ ）5. Help yourself to __________.

A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples （ ）6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.

A. room‘s number B. rooms‘ number C. room numbers D. rooms‘ numbers （ ）7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________. A. family B. house C. home D. room

专题二：动词

动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词(实义动词 )四类。 一）助动词

1、助动词be的用法如下：

1）构成各种进行时态。如：It was raining all day yesterday.昨天整天下雨。

2）构成被动语态。如：The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.会议是昨天下午举行的。 3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如： They are to see an English film this evening.他们今天晚上看英语电影。 2、助动词do的用法如下：

1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：Does he think so?I didn‘t say anything about the result. 2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为―的确，确实‖。如： They do study hard.She does love him.He did want to help the old man. 3)可以用作代动词，代替句子中已经出现的实义动词，以避免重复。如： — Who jumps highest in your class?— Jim does. ( 不说Jim jumps)

3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如： 1) He has lived here for three years. 2) As soon as the sun had set they returned.

4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：1) I shall send ten letters to my good friend. 2) She wanted to know if I should go to the palace. 二）情态动词

情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。 一．情态动词的用法 1. can 用法

1）表示能力，与be able to同义，但can只用于现在时和过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。 Two eyes can see more than one. 注：Can you … ? Yes, I can / No,I can‘t. 2).表示允许、请求

用could比can 语气更加委婉客气，常用于could I /you …..?句型中，若表示同意时，用can回答而不用could .Could I borrow the book ? No, you can‘t .