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上海外国语大学英语语言文学
语言学全真模拟题
I. Define each of the following concepts and theories: (36 points)
1. IPA 2. Duality 3. Vowel glide
4. Complementary distribution 5. Illustrate root and stem
6. Illustrate the NUMBER issue with both English and Chinese lexical items. 7. Computational linguistics 8. Laurence Horn’s Q-and R-principles.
9. List at least four components of a communicative syllabus.
II. Fill in the blanks with the words that are most appropriate in the given context.
(16 points)
1. In Austin’s How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes ________ and ______. Later on Austin made a fresh start to distinguish ______, _______ and ________.
2. _______ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of psychological aspects of language. As an ______ academic field, it investigates the following major subjects:________, _______ and _______.
3. Words can be classified as _______ and ______words; _____ words and ______words, ______-class words and _____-class words.
III. Answer the following questions. (24 points)
1. Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question “Does John like the book?”
2. State and interpret the sense relations with examples.
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IV. Answer the following questions and try to elaborate the points indicated in
questions with the knowledge you have acquired. (24 points)
Explain the differences between the Chinese and English cultures by illustrating one aspect of life, which is rich in Chinese but limited in English, and vice versa.
Ⅴ. Discuss the following question with examples (50 points)
1. What are the methods for the addition of new words in the English language? 2. When a teacher says “it’s hot in here” during a class, what does she probably
mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.
References
ⅠDefine each of the following concepts and theories: (36 points)
1. IPA refers to the acronym of the International Phonetic Association (1897) whose first title was Phonetic Teachers Association established by a small group of language teachers in France in order to popularize their teaching practice or methods.(2分) It also stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jesperson in1886, whose first version was published in 1888.(2分)
(本题主要考查语音学中国际音标的起源)
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2.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters).(3分) It is one of human language’s design features. (1分)
(本题考查人类语言设计特征的二重性)
3.Vowel glide: vowel that involve a change of quality,(2分) including diphthones, when a single movement of the tongue is made, and triphthones, where a double movement is perceived. (2分)
(本题主要考查滑元音，包括双元音滑元音和三元音滑元音)
4. Complementary distribution: when two sounds never occur to the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.(3分) For example, the aspirated English plosives never occur after [s], and unaspirated ones never occur initially. (1分)
（本题考查音位学的互补分布特征的本质）
5.Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. For example, it is that part of the word which is left when all the affixes are removed.(1分) In the word internationalism, after the removal of inter-, -al, -ism, the part left is the root nation. Apparently, all words contain a root morpheme. And roots can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme. (1分)
Stem is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.(1分) For instance, friend- in friends, and friendship in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem may be the same as a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contains a root and one, or more than one,
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derivational affix. In another word, friendship is a stem, but not a root.(1分)
（本题考查词根和词干的定义及其异同）
6. In English the NUMBER lexical items are regular and popular suffix which can be added to the verbs and nouns that distinguish the singular number (one or one group or part), plural form (more than one). In English nouns, we have book/books, pen/pens, hero/heroes, each of the former indicating the singular form (with no suffix or zero suffix), while the latter refers to the plural form, with the suffix (e)s. There are irregular forms in English pronouns, such a I/we, me/us, my/us, so on, indicating the distinction between the singular form and plural form. English verb has present tense the third person singular, for instance, Mary works, Mary teaches French. English verbs also has the irregular, for instance, have/has, am/is/are, which are not large in amount but fixed in usage.(2分)
In Contrast, Chinese has few lexical items to indicate the grammatical category NUMBER, such as students (学生们)，children(孩子们)，workers (工人们), indicating human beings’ plural forms, or professions. This seldom occurs to the nouns referring to non-human things, such as 桌子们，椅子们 with the exception that they are used in scientific fiction or children’s fairies. Chinese has singular and plural distinction in pronouns for example, 我/我们, 他/他们,你/你们.In Chinese, we have a few expressions DUAL in terms of units, such as 一双， 一副，一对，一套. In contrast, English has only “a pair of”, “a couple” .
There is no distinction in the number of Chinese verbs.（2分）
（本题考查句法学中的汉语和英语在语法范畴“数”的异同及其各自的特点）
7. Horn’s Q-principle: The Q-principle (Hearer-based): MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTION (cf. Quantity1) SAY AS MUCH AS YOU CAN ( given R) (2分) R-principle: The R-principle (Speaker-based):
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MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTION NECESSARY (cf. Relation, Quantity2 Manner)
SAY NO MORE THAN YOU MUST (given Q) (2分)
（本题主要考查语用学理论的新发展——后格赖斯时期理论）
8. Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language. (2分) It includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication. (2分)
（本题考查应用语言学中计算语言学的定义）
9.Communicative syllabus aims at the learners’ communicative competence. (1分) This syllabus was summarized by Yalden (1983) with ten components as follows: (1分)
(1). as detailed a consideration as possible of the purposes for which the learners
wish to acquire the target language.
(2). some idea of the setting in which they will want to use the target language
(physical aspects need to be considered, as well as social setting); (1分) (3). the socially defined role the learners will assume in the target language, as
well as the roles of their interlocuters.
(4). the communicative events in which the learners will participate: everyday
situations, vocational or professional situations, academic situations, and so on. (1分)
(5). the language functions involved in these events, or what the learner will
need to be able to do with or through the language;
(6). the notions involved, or that the learner will need to be able to talk about; (7). the skills involved in the “knitting together” of discourse: discourse and rhetorical skills.
(8). the variety or varieties of the target language that will be needed, and the
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levels in the spoken and written language which the learners will need to reach;
(9). the grammatical content that will be needed; (10). the lexical content that will be needed.
（本题考查应用语言学中语言教学中交际教学大纲的特征，选择4种就得满分4分）
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks with the words that are most appropriate in the given context. (16 points)
1.performatives, constatives, locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act. (5分)
（本题考查语用学中言语行为理论的起源及奥斯汀对自己的理论的提出及其阐述）
2.psycholinguistics, interdisciplinary, acquisition, production, production (5分) （本题考查应用语言学中心理语言学的定义及其特征）
3.variable, invariable, grammatical (functional/structural),lexical(content/notional), open, closed (6分)
（本题考查从不同角度出发对词类进行的不同分类，属于词汇学或形态学范畴）
ⅢAnswer the following questions and try to elaborate the points indicated in questions with the knowledge you have acquired. (24 points)
1.Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question “Does John like the book?”
1. The first diagram is shows the D-structure and the second the S-structure. CP 环球时代学校官网 http://www.gtschool.cn
C
S NP VP
V NP
Det. N
John does like the book?”
（12分）
（本题考查树型图在转换生成语法理论的地位及其对句子结构和句子成分之间的关系）
2 State and interpret the sense relations with examples.
There are three sense relations: sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. (4分)
Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. English is rich in synonyms. e.g. buy/purchase; world/universe; wide/broad, autumn/fall. (1分) In Chinese, “父亲”和“爸爸”，“打死”，“搞死”，“整死”，“弄死”，“掐死”，“玩死”and so on, total synonymy is rare. (1分)
Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation whose three main sub-types are gradable antonymy (old/young; long/short);complementary antonymy (alive/dead, pass/fail, odd/even) and converse antonymy (husband/wife, parent/child, over/under ) (4分)
The notion of inclusiveness can be seen in the following example. The meaning of desk is included in that of furniture. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.
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The upper term in this sense relation, the class name, is called SUPERORDINANT, and the lower terms, the members, hyponyms. Another classical example is, flower/ poeny, tulip, violet, carnation. (2分)
（本题考查词汇学或语义学知识，从同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系三个角度解释了主要意义关系，这里主要解释了词或词组之间的关系；而句子之间的关系也是一种意义关系，只是更加复杂，例如，同义反复关系，e.g. War is war.; 前提关系，矛盾关系，衍推关系等等，更复杂）
ⅣAnswer the following questions and try to elaborate the points indicated in questions with the knowledge you have acquired. (24 points)
Explain the differences between the Chinese and English cultures by illustrating one aspect of life, which is rich in Chinese but limited in English, and vice versa.
Different culture feature—be they environmental, material, or social—produce different linguistic features. (4分) 1) One aspect of life which is rich in Chinese but limited in English is the kinship terms. The kinship field is generally built around the lexical differentiation of three fundamental human family relations: filiations, consanguinity and spouseship. In English different words are used primarily to distinguish the set of kin relations, e.g. “brother” and “sister”, “aunt” and “uncle”, etc., but in Chinese distinction is also made lexically between members of kin who are older or younger than the speaker, or his/her parents, who are on the maternal side or on the paternal side, and who are in-laws or not. Thus, for the English “aunt,” we have in Chinese “gu”(father’s sister), “shen”(wife of father’s younger brother), “bomu”(wife of father’s elder brother), “yimu”(mother’s siter) and “jiuma”(wife of mothers’ brother).(8分)
2) One aspect of life which is rich in English but limited in Chinese is the horse words. (4分) The fact that English boasts a large number of horse words is a ready explanation in the important part horse plays in the life of the English people. Besides the most common word “horse”, there are “gee” (a term for horse used by children), “horseflesh”(horse considered as a group, especially for driving, riding, or racing),
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“steed” (a spirited horse), “mare”(a young female horse), “foal” (the young offspring of a horse), “colt”(a young male horse), “filly”(a young female horse), “pony” (horse small in size when full grown), “thoroughbred” (a purebred or pedigree horse), and “bay” (a reddish brown horse). (8分)
（本题主要考查中英文化差异，文化学习是外语学习的一个重要课题）
Ⅴ1What are the methods for the addition of new words in the English language? New words are created through the following processes:
a. Invention. It is a word-formation process related to the developing economic activities. New lexical items come directly from the consumer items, their producers or their brand names, such as “Coke”, “nylon”, “Kodak” and so on.
b. Blending: It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words; such as smog (smoke + fog), digicom (digital + computer).
c. Abbreviation: The process of abbreviation refers to that a new word could be created by cutting the final part, or cutting the initial part, or cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly.
Such as ad, (advertisement), van (caravan) , flu (influenza). d. Acronym. It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, such as WTO, UNESCO.
e. Backformation. It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a
shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, “edit” is a word generated from “editor.”
f. Analogical creation. Roughly speaking, this process is one whereby words are created in imitation of other words. For example, the appearance of the word “talkathon” is created on the model of “marathon.”
g. Borrowing. It refers to the fact that Eng1ish has borrowed words from
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other language. For example, the word “cancer” and “tumor” were borrowed from Latin.
h. Derivation. New words can be created by the addition of derivational affixes, such as “national”, which is originated from the word “nation”.
i. Compound. It refers to the creation of new words by joining two separate words, such as “ice-cream” and “sunrise”.
（这里主要考查社会语言学的基本知识。考生可以从词汇的角度出发，回答问题。也可以从语言变化的角度答题。主要要解释英语产生新词的主要渠道或方法。注意：不要跟“词汇变化”和语言变化相混淆，因为词汇变化还有语音变化等，语言变化还有句法变化等）
2. When a teacher says “it’s hot in here” during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.
This utterance would be semantically ambiguous if it was seen isolatedly without any context of situation. Its interpretation has to rely on the context in which it was uttered.（5分）
There could be generally two types of situation in which this utterance could happen. One may be that it is summer; the teacher just come into the class and is sweating heavily. The other may be that in class the students are quite active towards the questions or problems the teacher has posed, for example, discussing in group, or debating in a large scale.（5分）
According to the cooperative principle, in our conversation, in order to be cooperative, that is, to make his intentions to be known by the hearer, the speaker will try to make his conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs.
Therefore, according to the third maxim of cooperative principle, RELATION, which says “be relevant”, the utterance could be interpreted differently as follows:
In the first situation, when the students hear the teacher saying “it’s so hot
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in here”, they would probably assume that the teacher is obeying the cooperative principle, and what he says is relevant to the context, which is that the teacher is sweating, and maybe accompanied by fanning himself with his hand. Therefore, what the teacher means is probably that the temperature is high. （5分）
What’s more, if the windows in the classroom are closed, this utterance will go further to be an implication of a request for opening the windows.
In the second situation, the students would assume that the teacher should have observed the maxim of relation, since it is under normal circumstances. Given the context in which the students are discussing or debating about certain questions furiously, the hearer would tend to interpret the teacher’s utterance as: “you are discussing (or debating) so actively”, which implies a praise for the active participation of the students in class activity. （10分）
（本题主要考查主要语用学理论，考生要从会话含义，合作原则以及言语行为理论三个方面答题。尤其是言语行为理论中的以言行事(illocutionary act)，或间接言语行为在语言使用中的作用。同时指出，在会话中，说话者和听话者基本遵守合作原则（CP）。另外，说话者一般都会收到言后之果（perlocutionary act）,既学生把窗户打开，或更积极地参与讨论）
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