Key to book4 unit1-6 Unit 1

Active reading (1)

Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofa

Reading and understanding Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to make progress by moving to the next stage in a series of actions or events (proceed) 2 the process of changing from one situation, form or state to another (transition)

3 not feeling involved with someone or something in a close or emotional way (detached) 4 referring to something which will happen soon (upcoming) 5 to be sitting still in a position that is not upright (slump) 6 to return to a previous state or way of behaving (revert) 7 to say what happened (recount)

4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3. It isn¡®t easy to make the (1) transition from a busy university student to an unemployed young adult (2) slumped on a bar stool or half watching a mindless television show, wondering if and how their career is going to (3) proceed. Many people who have experienced a long period of inactivity like this, when (4) recounting how they felt at the time, refer to the same strange psychological effect. As the days pass, they begin to feel (5) detached from any sense of pressure to go and look for a job, and tend to regard (6) upcoming interviews as if they were not very important. Typically, back at home after three or four years away, they (7) revert to old habits, start seeing old friends, and, in many cases, become dependent again on their parents.

5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes. 1 I went to a mixed-ability secondary school just outside London. (comprehensive) 2 I got stopped by a policeman who asked to see my driving licence. (cop) 3 Have you seen this beautiful from the air view of Oxford? (aerial)

4 Isabel tightly her bag as she walked down the corridor towards the office. (clutched) 5 You should speak to Toby; he¡®s an supporter of flexible working hours. (advocate)

6 I hurt my leg badly a couple of months ago, and it still hasn¡®t got better completely. (healed)

6 Answer the questions about the words. 1 Is a dead-end job one with (a) exciting prospects, or (b) no future? 2 Is a tricky problem (a) difficult, or (b) easy to solve?

3 If an activity saps all your energy, do you feel (a) tired, or (b) more active than usual?

4 Does a pushy person try to (a) persuade you to do something you don¡®t want to, or (b) help you by listening to what you have to say?

5 If you feel apathy, do you want to (a) change the world, or (b) stay at home and do nothing?

7 Answer the questions about the phrases.

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1 Is fork out (a) a formal, or (b) an informal way of saying to pay for something?

2 If you are in the same boat as another person, are you (a) making the same journey together, or (b) in the same difficult or unpleasant situation?

3 If you feel you have come full circle, do you (a) feel you are back where you started, or (b) feel a sense of satisfaction because you have completed something?

4 If someone takes a soft line, do they deal with a person (a) in a kind and sympathetic way, or (b) in a lazy way without making a decision?

5 If you strike the right note about something, are you expressing yourself (a) well, or (b) badly? 6 If you do something by all means, do you (a) try your best to do it, or (b) not care about it? 7 If you nudge someone back into the saddle, are you encouraging them to (a) take responsibility again, or (b) take it easy?

8 If you talk through a problem with someone, do you (a) examine it carefully and sensitively, or (b) refer to it quickly and then change the subject?

Active reading (2) If you ask me

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 funny or entertaining (amusing)

2 used for emphasizing that something good has happened, especially because of good luck (fortunately)

3 an amount of money that a person, business or country borrows, usually from a bank (loan) 4 to take an amount or number from a total (deduct)

5 the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event (highlight) 6 to show that you understand someone¡®s problems (sympathize) 7 needing a lot of time, ability, and energy (demanding)

5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. A After three years at university, I¡®m now quite heavily in debt.

B I (1) sympathize with you, I know what it¡®s like to have financial problems. But (2) fortunately I didn¡®t need to take out a student (3) loan when I was at university, because I had a part-time job. A What did you do?

B I worked in a restaurant at weekends. A That must have been very (4) demanding.

B Yes, it was. I had to get the right balance between work and study. But the other people who worked there were good fun to be with, so it was quite (5) amusing too. The (6) highlight of the weekend was always Saturday night when we worked overtime. A But I don¡®t expect you made a lot of money?

B No, there wasn¡®t much after they¡®d (7) deducted tax and pension contributions. But it was enough to keep me going.

6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.

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1 When I was at college I kept all my personal things in an old cupboard.

2 A lot of people who leave university before getting a degree end up in good jobs. 3 I think she¡®ll get a good degree, but I wouldn¡®t risk my money on the exact result. 4 The money I spent at college was more than what I earned in my part-time job. 5 The chances of my being offered a job after that interview must be quite remote. 6 Our business has done very well since we changed our advertising. 7 I think telling the truth and not cheating is always the best policy. Key: (1) belongings (2) dropouts (3) gamble (4) exceeded (5) odds (6) has thrived (7) honesty

7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If something is not all it¡¯s cracked up to be, is it (a) valid and interesting, or (b) just a little bit disappointing?

2 If someone keeps banging on about something, are you likely to be (a) interested in, or (b) bored by what they say?

3 If there is a lot of hassle in your life, are you likely to feel (a) stressed, or (b) relaxed? 4 If something happens out of the blue, is it (a) unexpected, or (b) part of your plan?

5 If you say you ended up in a particular job, do you suggest that (a) you have fulfilled your ambition, or (b) it happened almost by chance?

6 Are the regulars in a pub (a) the customers who come very often, or (b) the food the pub offers most often?

7 If something is dead easy, is it (a) very easy, or (b) not easy at all?

8 If you treat someone to something, do you (a) buy something nice for them, or (b) behave badly to them?

9 If you cheer a place up, do you (a) make the place look brighter, or (b) make the people in the place happier?

Reading and interpreting

8 Look at the sentences from the passage and identify the style features. 1 Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?

This shows the informality of an incomplete sentence in the first part, the use of an informal expression (banging on) and a rhetorical question to the reader (What do I find?)

2 Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?) ¡­

This has the use of an informal word (hassle), an informal exclamation (god) and a question to the reader (When will they grow up?)

3 Actually, I had my eye on the course at the London School of Economics (LSE).

Here there is a discourse marker typical of speech (Actually) and an informal phrase (had my eye on). 4 I kind of understand it, and not just because my degree is in economics.

Here ¨Dkind of¡¬ is a sort of discourse marker of informal speech (showing something is general, vague or not definite).

5 I wanted something in finance and investments, because you know, maybe with a job like that, I

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could use my degree.

This has a discourse marker of informal speech (you know). 6 ... it¡®s true, he really did seem to have three hands.

Again here is a discourse marker of informal speech (it¡®s true). 7 I talked to him about ... well, about pretty well everything ¡­

This has another discourse marker of informal speech (well) and an informal phrase (pretty well).

Language in use

word formation: compound nouns 1 Write the compound nouns which mean:

1 a degree which is awarded a first class (a first-class degree) 2 work in a hospital (hospital work)

3 a ticket for a plane journey (a plane ticket) 4 a discount for students (a student discount)

5 a pass which allows you to travel on buses (a bus pass) 6 a room where an interview is held (an interview room) 7 a period spent in training (a training period) word formation: noun phrases

2 Write the noun phrases which mean: 1 a career which is rewarding from the financial point of view (a financially rewarding career) 2 legislation which has been introduced recently (recently introduced legislation) 3 instructions which are more complex than usual (unusually complex instructions) 4 an institution which is orientated towards academic (academically orientated work) 5 work which makes physical demands on you (physically demanding work)

6 information which has the potential to be important (potentially important information) 7 candidates who have been selected after a careful procedure (carefully selected candidates) 8 a coursebook in which everything has been planned beautifully (a beautifully planned textbook)

try as ¡­ might

3 Rewrite the sentences using try as ¡­ might . 1 I¡®m trying to fill this last page, but I just can¡®t think of anything. Try as I might to fill this last page, I just can¡®t think of anything. 2 I try to be friendly with Marta, but she doesn¡®t seem to respond. Try as I might to be friendly with Marta, she doesn¡®t seem to respond. 3 I try hard to get to sleep, but I can¡®t help thinking about my family. Try as I might to get to sleep, I can¡®t help thinking about my family.

4 He just doesn¡®t seem to get the promotion he deserves, even though he keeps trying.

Try as he might, he just doesn¡®t seem to get the promotion he deserves. / Try as he might to get the promotion he deserves, he just doesn¡®t seem to get it.

5 I keep trying to remember her name, but my mind is a blank. Try as I might to remember her name, my mind is a blank.

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given that ¡­

4 Rewrite the sentences using given that ¡­ 1 Since I know several languages, I thought I would look for work abroad. Given that I know several languages, I thought I would look for work abroad. 2 Xiao Li has the best qualifications, so she should get the job.

Given that Xiao Li has the best qualifications, she should get the job.

3 Since we¡®re all here, I think it would be a good idea to get down to some work. Given that we¡®re all here, I think it would be a good idea to get down to some work. 4 Since it¡®s rather late, I think we should leave this last task until tomorrow. Given that it¡®s rather late, I think we should leave this last task until tomorrow. clauses introduced by than

5 Rewrite the sentences using clauses introduced by than . 1 She¡®s experienced at giving advice. I¡®m more experienced.

She¡®s less experienced at giving advice than I am. / I¡®m more experienced at giving advice than she is. 2 You eat too much chocolate. It isn¡®t good for you. You eat too much chocolate than is good for you.

3 She worked very hard. Most part-timers don¡®t work so hard. She worked harder than most part-timers do.

4 You have arrived late too many times. That isn¡®t acceptable. You have arrived late more times than is acceptable.

5 I don¡®t think you should have given so much personal information. It isn¡®t wise. I think you have given more personal information than is wise.

collocations

6 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions. 1 highlight A highlight is the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event. (a) What would you like to be the highlight of your career?

I would like the highlight of my student career to be to receive a national award for the best student research project.

(b) How can you highlight an important sentence in a text?

You can underline it in pencil or pen or you can use coloured pens or highlighters. (c) What are the edited highlights of a football match?

The highlights are when someone scores a goal or prevents one from being scored. 2 loan A loan is an amount of money someone borrows from someone else. (a) Have you ever taken out a loan?

No, I haven¡®t. But my parents have taken out several loans to buy kitchen equipment. (b) What is the best way to pay off a loan?

It is best to pay a loan off quickly, although you will still have to pay some interest. (c) If you have a library book on loan, what do you have to do with it?

You have to return it before the date it is due, otherwise you may have to pay a fine. 3 thrive To thrive means to be very successful, happy or healthy.

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(a) What sort of business thrives best in your part of the country?

In my part of the country, light industries and electronics companies thrive. (b) Which sort of plants thrive in a hot climate?

In a hot climate you can see tropical fruit and vegetables thrive and also tropical plants and trees. (c) Why do you think some couples thrive on conflict?

It is difficult to understand why some couples thrive on conflict. Maybe each one wants to compete with the other or maybe they enjoy ¨Dkissing and making up¡¬ after the conflict.

7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese. If you ask me, real life is not all it¡®s cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?

Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It¡®s just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants

repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all that¡®s before I¡®ve had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I¡®m interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won¡®t even last till the end of the year, let alone till I¡®m 60.£¨? ·­Òëʱ¿ÉÒÔ¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÔöÒ룬¼´Ôö¼ÓÔ­ÎÄ°µº¬Á˵«Ã»ÓÐÖ±½Ó±í´ï³öÀ´µÄÒâ˼¡£Èç×îºóÒ»¾äÒëÎļÓÁ˨DÁìÑøÀϽ𡬣¬µã³öÁËÓëÉÏÒ»¾äµÄ¹ØÁª¡££©

ÒÀÎÒ¿´£¬ÏÖʵÉú»îÓëÈËÃÇÏëÏóµÄ²»Ò»Ñù¡£ÎÒÃÇÉÏÁË12ÄêµÄÖС¢Ð¡Ñ§£¬ÓÖÉÏÁË3ÄêµÄ´óѧ£¬ÕâÆÚ¼äÀÏʦÃÇÒ»Ö±ÔÚûÍêûÁ˵Ø̸ÂÛÔÚ°²ÄþµÄѧÉúÉú»îÖ®ÍâÄǸö¹ãÀ«ÌìµØÀïµÄ¸÷ÖÖ»ú»á£¬¿ÉÎÒÓöµ½µÄÓÖÊÇʲôÄØ£¿

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ÎÒÈÏΪ£¬Ñ¡ÐÞµÚ¶þרҵ²¢²»ÊʺÏÿһλ±¾¿ÆÉú¡£ÎÒ´óѧ±¾¿ÆÖ÷ÐÞÓ¢Óïרҵ£¬´óһʱ¾Í¿ªÊ¼¸¨ÐÞ¾­¼ÃѧÁË¡£ÎÞÒÉ£¬ÎÒÊÇ°àÀï×îÓù¦µÄѧÉú¡£Îҽ߾¡È«Á¦Ïëͬʱ´ïµ½Á½¸ö²»Í¬×¨ÒµµÄÒªÇ󣬵«»¹ÊÇÓв»¼°¸ñµÄʱºò¡£ÒòΪ¾­¼ÃѧÐèÒªÁ¼ºÃµÄÊýѧ»ù´¡£¬ÎÒ²»µÃ²»»¨´óÁ¿Ê±¼ä×êÑÐÊýѧ£¬Òò¶øºöÂÔÁËÓ¢Óïѧϰ¡£

µÚ¶þѧÆÚ,¡¶Ó¢¹úÎÄѧ¡·¼°¡¶ºê¹Û¾­¼Ãѧ¡·Á½Ãſβ»¼°¸ñ¸øÎÒÇÃÏìÁ˾¯ÖÓ£¬Õâ¿ÉÊÇÎÒÒ»ÉúÖеÚÒ»´Î¿¼ÊÔ²»¼°¸ñ£¬Õâ´ó´ó´ò»÷ÁËÎÒµÄ×ÔÐÅÐÄ¡£ËäÈ»ÎÒ²»ÊÇÒ»¸öÈÝÒ×ÏòÃüÔ˵ÍÍ·µÄÈË£¬ÔÚÊî¼Ù½áÊøµÄʱºò£¬ÎÒ»¹ÊǾö¶¨·ÅÆú¾­¼Ãѧ£¬ÒÔÃâÁ½¸öרҵ¶¼ÄÑÒÔÍê³É¡£µ±ÎÒÖ»ÐèÐÞÒ»¸öרҵµÄʱºò£¬Ò»ÇÐËƺõÓֻص½ÁËÕý¹ì¡£ (if you ask me; odds; try as ¡­ might; sap one¡®s confidence; given that; bow to fate; come to a close; for fear that; now that)

If you ask me, taking a second major isn¡®t good for every undergraduate. In my freshman year as an English major, I took economics as my minor. By all odds, I was the most hardworking student in my class. But try as I might to meet the requirements of the two different subjects, I still couldn¡®t do well enough to pass all the exams. Given that the study of economics required a good command of mathematics, I had to spend so much time on math that I neglected my English major.

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Failing English Literature and Macroeconomics in the second semester sounded the alarm for me. This was the first time I did not pass a course in my life, which had greatly sapped my confidence. Although I was not a man who would easily bow to fate, as the summer break came to a close, I decided to give up economics for fear that I would fail in both subjects. Now that I had only one subject to attend to, everything seemed to be on the right track again.

Translation of the passages Active reading (1)

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Active reading (1)

Danger! Books may change your life Culture points

Lewis Carroll (1832¨C1898) is the pen-name of Charles Dodgson. He was a priest, a mathematician whotaught at Oxford University, a photographer, humorist and writer of children¡®s literature. Alice¡¯s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) was immediately successful, a masterpiece which revolutionized children¡®s literature, giving coherence and logic through wit and humour to unlikely or impossible episodes in which imaginary creatures embody recognizable human characteristics. He is also known for Through the Looking Glass and

what Alice found there (1871) and nonsense poems, such as The Hunting of the Snark (1876).

William Cowper (1731¨C1800): a notable English poet, writer of hymns and letter-writer. He wrote gentle, pious, direct poems about everyday rural life and scenes of the countryside which have been seen as forerunners of the Romantic movement: Coleridge called Cowper ¨Dthe best modern poet¡¬. He translated Homer¡®s Greek epics. The Odyssey and The Iliad into English. Another example of his verses which have become common sayings is ¨DGod moves in mysterious ways, His wonders to perform¡­¡¬

John Steinbeck (1902¨C1968): American novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. The Grapes of Wrath (1939) is a well-known, long tragic novel about an American family of farmers who are driven off their land in Oklahoma by soil erosion in the famous ¨Ddust bowl¡¬ era. They flee to California to

what they hope will be a better life. The book won the Pulitzer Prize and was made into a film in 1940. Other well-known novels include Of Mice and Men (1937), Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl (1947), East of Eden (1952) and an account of a personal rediscovery of America, Travels with Charlie (1962).

John Irving (1942¨C ): American novelist and screenwriter who taught English at college and was a wrestling coach. The Fourth Hand (2001) is a comic-satirical novel about a TV journalist, Wallington, whose hand is seen by millions of viewers to be bitten off by a circus lion. A surgeon gives him a hand transplant (a third hand) but the wife of the dead donor wants to visit her husband¡®s hand and have a child by Wallington, who feels where his original hand used to be (the fourth hand).

Audrey Niffenegger (1963¨C ): American college professor who teaches writing to visual artists and shows students how to make books by hand. Her first novel, The Time Traveller¡¯s Wife (2003) ¨C

filmed in 2009 ¨C is a science fiction and romance bestseller about a man who travels uncontrollably in time to his own history and visits his wife in her childhood, youth and old age. His wife needs to cope with his absences and dangerous life while he travels. The story is a metaphor for distance and miscommunication in failed relationships.

Paul Torday (1946¨C ): a British businessman who worked for a company that repaired ship¡®s engines for many years. Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2007) was his first novel. It is a political satire and comedy about a dull civil servant who becomes involved in a plan to populate the desert with Scottish salmon. Politicians manage the media to ¨Dspin¡¬ this as a plan they support in order to divert attention from problems in the Middle East. There are themes of cynicism and belief, and East-West culture clashes.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918¨C2008): a Russian writer who was imprisoned in Soviet labour camps in 1945; after eight years, he was exiled to Kazakhstan and not freed until 1956, when he became a teacher. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature but not receive it until 1974. He went

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to Germany, Switzerland and the USA, returning to Russia in 1994. His best known novels were based on his experiences as a prisoner and include: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), Cancer Ward (1968), The Gulag Archipelago (1974¨C1978). His later works were about Russian history and identity.

Graham Greene (1904¨C1991): a British novelist, short-story writer, playwright, travel writer and essayist. He wrote a number of thrillers (he called them ?entertainments¡®) which dramatize an

ambiguous moral dilemma, often revealing guilt, treachery, failure and a theme of pursuit. Greene was also a film critic and all of these novels have been made into films: Brighton Rock (1938), The Power and the Glory (1940), The Heart of the Matter (1948), The Third Man (1950), The Quiet American (1955), and Our Man in Havana (1958).

E. M. Forster (1879¨C1970): a British novelist and writer of short stories and essays. He lived at

different periods in Italy, Egypt and India and taught at Cambridge University. His best known novels include A Room with a View (1908), Howard¡¯s End (1910), A Passage to India (1924) which have all been made into films. His writing about reading and writing includes a book of lectures, Aspects of the Novel (1927).

Thomas Merton (1915¨C1968): an American Catholic writer, who was a Trappist monk in Kentucky. He wrote over 70 books, including many essays about Buddhism and a translation into English of the Chinese classic, Chuang Tse. He had a great deal to say about the meeting of Eastern and Western cultures and wrote many letters to writers, poets, scholars and thinkers. He read a lot in English, Latin, French and Spanish and said he always had at least three books which he was reading at any one time. William Blake (1757¨C1827): a British poet, artist and mystic, who read widely in English, French, Italian, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He made many engravings to illustrate the work of such writers as Virgil, Dante and Chaucer, as well as his own poems. He stressed that imagination was more

important than rationalism and the materialism of the 18th century and criticized the effects of the industrial revolution in England, but his work was largely disregarded by his peers. He is best known for his poetry in Songs of Innocence (1787) and Songs of Experience (1794). His belief in the oneness of all created things is shown in his much-quoted verse, ¨DTo see the world in a grain of sand / And a heaven in a flower, / Hold infinity in the palm of your hand / And eternity in an hour.¡¬

Clifton Fadiman (1904¨C1999): an American writer, radio and TV broadcaster and editor of

anthologies. For over 50 years he was an editor and judge for the Book-of-the-Month Club. In 1960 he wrote a popular guide to great books for American readers, The Lifetime Reading Plan, which discusses 133 authors and their major work: the 1997 edition includes 9 authors from China.

J. K. Rowling (1965¨C): British writer of the seven Harry Potter fantasy books. She studied French and Classics at Exeter University, before teaching English in Portugal and training to teach French in Scotland. The main idea about a school for wizards and the orphan Harry Potter came on a delayed train journey from Manchester to London in 1990. She began to write as soon as she reached London. Twelve publishersrejected the first book before Bloomsbury, a small London publisher, agreed to publish it. Later books have repeatedly broken all the sales records (as have some of the films). She is one of the richest women in the UK and a notable supporter of many charities.

Language points

1 Variety¡¯s the very spice of life, / That gives it all its flavour ¡­ (Para 2)

Spices are made from plants and added to food to give it its particular flavour or taste. The English proverb

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¨DVariety is the spice of life¡¬ (the proverb comes from Cowper¡®s poem) therefore means that variety gives

life extra value and allows you to appreciate life in particular ways.

2 We learn to look beyond our immediate surroundings to the horizon and a landscape far away from

home. (Para 3)

This means that through reading we learn to look beyond our immediate experience or familiar

environment to things beyond our immediate experience, ie to completely different things that we can imagine and experience through books.

3 When a baseball player hits a home run he hits the ball so hard and so far he¡¯s able to run round the

four bases of the diamond, and score points not only for himself but for the other runners already

on a base. (Para 9)

In the American game of baseball, the field of grass is diamond-shaped and has four bases (specific points

marked around the diamond), round which players must run to score points. One team bats (ie team members take turns to hit the ball and run round the bases) and the members of the other team throw (pitch)

the ball and, when it is has been hit, try to catch it or get it quickly to one of the four bases. If a batting player can hit the ball hard enough, he can run round all four bases before the other team can get the ball

and thus score maximum points ¨C with a home run. In the passage, a really good book is a home run.

3 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 Why are we like Alice in wonderland when we read a book? (a) Because, like Alice, we often have accidents. (b) Because reading makes us feel young again.

(c) Because reading opens the door to new experiences. (d) Because books lead us into a dream world.

2 According to the writer, what is the advantage of reading over real life? (a) There is more variety in books than in real life.

(b) We can experience variety and difference without going out of the house. (c) The people we meet in a book are more interesting than real people. (d) It¡®s harder to make sense of real life than a book.

3 What do the seven novels listed in Paragraph 4 have in common? (a) Their titles stimulate imagination.

(b) They represent the best writing by British and American novelists. (c) They have become classics.

(d) You can find all of them in any local library.

4 At what moment in our lives do books become important? (a) As soon as we start reading.

(b) When we start buying books to fill our shelves at home. (c) When we start listening to bedtime stories.

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(d) Only when we are ready for books.

5 What claim did Merton make about the poems of William Blake? (a) They were similar to the works of the Greek writers and thinkers. (b) They helped him understand the meaning of life. (c) They created a sense of confusion.

(d) They taught him a lot about modern culture. 6 What is meant by a home-run book?

(a) A book which is so good you are unable to put it down. (b) A book that the whole family can enjoy.

(c) A children¡®s book that is read and appreciated by adults.

(d) A book that hits hard like a home run in the game of baseball. Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to make someone feel that they do not belong to your group (exclude) 2 to fail to do something that you should do (neglect) 3 to mention something as an example (cite)

4 to be strong enough not to be harmed or destroyed by something (withstand) 5 in most situations or cases (normally) 6 to be about to happen in the future (await)

5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. When I lived in Britain, one of my favourite radio programmes was called ¨DDesert Island Discs¡¬. The format was always the same: Guest celebrities were asked to imagine they had been washed ashore on a

desert island, and had to choose nine books ¨C (1) excluding the Bible and Shakespeare, which they were

already provided with ¨C to take with them to the island, to help them (2) withstand the physical and mental

isolation. I sometimes like to think which books I would take. (3) Normally, like most people, I don¡®t have much time for reading, and I could (4) cite dozens of books which I have never read but which I would like to. It¡®s an opportunity I have (5) awaited all my life, in fact. But what would I choose? Mostly

novels, probably, but I wouldn¡®t (6) neglect to include a volume or two of poetry. My first choice, I think,

would be Tolstoy¡®s War and Peace. I¡®ve never read it, but I¡®m ready to believe that it is one of the most

marvelous books ever written.

6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 In a good novel, the writer and reader communicate with each other. (interact) 2 I have to face up to the problem sooner or later. (confront) 3 I read the book in one sitting and Mary did too. (likewise)

4 E. M. Forster was one of the most important and respected British novelists of the 20th century. (influential)

5 Do you believe that a work of literature can actually lead to social changes? (induce)

6 Robert Burns was a great poet who wrote in the language variety spoken in Scotland. (dialect)

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7 The Time Traveller¡¯s Wife is the story of a man who has a strange and inexplicable genetic disorder. (mysterious)

7 Answer the questions about the words. 1 If you have had a disconcerting experience, do you feel a bit (a) tired, or (b) confused? 2 If you have a vista of something, can you (a) see or imagine it, or (b) go and visit it? 3 Would you express great wrath by (a) smiling at someone, or (b) shouting at them? 4 If you feel enchanted by a book, do you (a) like it a lot, or (b) not like it at all? 5 Is a writer who is supremely talented (a) very good, or (b) quite good at his job?

6 If reading fosters an understanding of certain problems, does it (a) help understanding, or (b) prevent it?

7 If you are desperately trying to get a job, are you (a) trying very hard to get it, or (b) caring little whether you get it or not?

8 Is a sensation (a) a certainty, or (b) just a feeling?

Active reading (2)

They were alive and they spoke to me Background information

This is from The Books in My Life by Henry Miller (1861¨C1980), an American novelist, writer and painter. Miller was born in New York, lived in Paris 1930¨C1939, and then in California. His

best-known works blend fiction, autobiography, social criticism and mysticism: Tropic of Cancer (1934 published in France) describes his life and loves in Paris and because of its sexual frankness it was not published in the USA till 1961; Black Spring (1936) has ten autobiographical stories; Tropic of Capricorn (1939) is about his years with the Western Union Telegraph Company; The Colossus of Maroussi (1941), considered by some critics to be his best work, is a travel book about people from his stay in Greece.

In The Books in My Life (1969) Miller looks at 100 books that influenced him. His list includes children¡®s books written originally for adults (eg Alice in Wonderland, The Arabian Nights, Greek Myths and Legends, Robinson Crusoe, The Three Musketeers); many French novels and poetry (eg by Balzac, Hugo, Giono, Nerval, Proust, Rimbaud, Huysmans, Maeterlinck), German novels (by Mann, Hesse, Dreiser) and the Chinese Lao Tse and Fenollosa¡®s The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry, besides work by American writers (Twain, Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman), Dostoievshy, Nietzsche, Joyce and writers on spiritual topics. Culture points

August Strindberg (1849¨C1912): A Swedish playwright and a prolific writer of novels, short stories, satires, essays and poems, and a photographer, who tried various jobs before becoming assistant

librarian at the Royal Library in Stockholm and established an experimental theatre. He is best known for his plays, including The Father (1887) and Miss Julie (1888), and for his vitality, vigour, and brilliant use of language.

Miller cites Strindberg¡®s autobiographies, The Confession of a Fool (vol.2), a passionate love story and account of problems in his marriage, and The Inferno (vol.3), a study of his religious conversion, delusions and neuroses which reflect Strindberg¡®s periods of mental instability. Blaise Cendrars (1887¨C1961) is the pen name of Fr¨¦d¨¦ric Sauser, a Swiss-born French novelist, shortstory writer, poet, and film-maker, who led a life of constant travel (he was born in an Italian

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railway train) doing various jobs in Russia, Europe, North and South America and Asia ¨C he is said to have shoveled coal on steam trains in China. He lost his right arm fighting for France in World War I. His prose includes vivid, witty, action-packed novels, like Moravagine (1926), which describe travel and adventure, or works directly inspired by his own experience, like The Astonished Man (1945) and The Cut Hand (1946), and four volumes of memoirs. Miller admired his work and lists ?virtually the complete works¡® of Cendrars as influential reading. R¨¦my de Gourmont (1858¨C1915): a French writer of 50 books: essays, novels and poetry, with a strong interest in medieval Latin literature; as a critic he was admired by T. S. Eliot. He was a librarian at the National Library in Paris; later, a painful skin disease kept him largely at home. He was influential in the symbolist movement in literature. He claimed that a work of art exists only through the emotion it gives us. He asserted the need to get away from the unquestioning acceptance of commonplace ideas and associations of ideas, and believed it was necessary for thought to proceed by imagery rather than by ideas.

Julius Caesar (110 BC¨C44 BC): a Roman statesman, known as a great military strategist. As a

general he was famous for the conquest of Gaul (modern France and Belgium) which he added to the Roman Empire. He also made two expeditions to Britain, was governor of Spain and traveled in North Africa and Egypt. He was a good speaker and he wrote several books of commentaries and memoirs on Roman wars and military campaigns. Caesar¡®s writing is often studied today by those who learn Latin.

The Julius Caesar of literature: this phrase compares Cendrars with Caesar: both were men of action, travelers, adventurers, explorers, who somehow found time to read a lot and write books.

Language points

1 The fact, however, that in the past I did most of my work without the aid of library I look upon as an advantage rather than a disadvantage. (Para 1)

This is irony. Miller is writing about the importance of reading and about key books in his life, but there is a paradox: Only recently has he been able to get all the books he has wanted all his life (ie he now has money, as a best-selling writer, to buy books) and, as a writer, he wrote books without the help of a library. He says that not having books was an advantage. The explanation is probably that Miller¡®s early writing was a mixture of autobiography and fiction, so he didn¡®t need to read other books or refer to them to do his own writing. The irony is that he is saying this in a book about the books the influenced him.

2 A good book lives through the passionate recommendation of one reader to another. (Para 3) Miller thinks that a good part of the ?life¡® of a book is how one reader recommends it to another with enthusiasm, ie books are about sharing experience, not just the author¡®s experience in the book and the reader¡®s experience of reading it, but also the experience of word-of-mouth or face-to-face recommendation by other readers.

3 And the better the man the more easily will he part with his most cherished possessions. (Para 4)

This continues Miller¡®s thought that books are for sharing. A good person will share things he or she loves. In this case, such a person will give or lend favourite books and such generosity makes friends: When you give books you get friendship.

4 If you are honest with yourself you will discover that your stature has increased from the mere effort of resisting your impulse. (Para 6)

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Miller¡®s argument here is that you should not read everything, but that you should choose very

carefully and selectively. This means you should resist the temptation to read some things which are not really going to add to your knowledge or enjoyment (not every book will do this, only some). Here, he says that in this way, we grow (we ¨Dincrease our stature¡¬). That is, we grow by not reading many books. The implication is that if we choose the very best books and read these few really carefully we will get the best from them ¨C and grow by such selection. Miller discusses 100 books which he things are such books.

5 All on the side, as it were. (Para 7)

Cendrars was a man of action who spent most of his time on travels and adventures. Surprisingly (you would think he did not have time), he read a lot in different languages and even wrote many books ¨C this was in addition to his main activities.

6 For, if he is anything, Cendrars, he is a man of action, an adventurer and explorer, a man who has known how to ¡°waste¡± his time royally. (Para 7)

Cendrars had a huge reputation as a man of action, travelling, having adventures and exploring

different countries and yet he read a lot (he knew how to use the little time available to read). ¨DWaste¡¬ is in quotes to show irony (reading isn¡®t a waste of time), that he reads in a royal manner (ie very thoroughly). The sentence structure here is quite French with the repetition of ¨Dhe¡¬.

Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 What does Miller consider to have been an advantage during his writing career? (a) To have been able to read all the books he wanted. (b) To have grown up in a room full of books. (c) To have written without the aid of a library. (d) The fact that he never wanted to own any books.

2 What did three stars on a book mean in the public library in Miller¡®s youth? (a) Young people weren¡®t allowed to read them. (b) They were the most popular books in the library. (c) They were intended for children.

(d) They were more exciting than one-star books.

3 Why does Miller hope the star system still exists in public libraries? (a) It is an efficient system which works well.

(b) It discourages people from reading inappropriate books. (c) It makes people interested in reading.

(d) It makes it easier for people to recognize books. 4 Why do people lend books, in Miller¡®s opinion? (a) Because they feel the need to share their feelings. (b) It¡®s the best way to make a friend. (c) It¡®s less risky than lending money.

(d) Because it¡®s not possible to possess a book for ever.

5 According to Miller, what should you do when you find a book you want to read? (a) Pick it up and start reading.

(b) Ask a friend for advice about the book.

(c) Think about whether you really need to read it.

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(d) Only read it if it is original.

6 What does Miller especially admire about Blaise Cendrars? (a) He had a very adventurous life. (b) He was a great writer.

(c) He knew what to do with his time. (d) He read as well as wrote a lot.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 the quality of being new, interesting, and different from anything that anyone has created before (originality)

2 the process of putting people or things into particular groups according to the features they have (classification)

3 to make an organized and determined attempt to deal with a problem (tackle) 4 to make something better or more enjoyable (enrich)

5 a difficulty or problem that prevents you from achieving something (obstacle) 6 to sink under water and die (drown) 7 not being used (idle)

8 a suggestion that someone or something is especially suitable or useful for a particular situation (recommendation)

9 to make a lot of effort to achieve something (strive)

4 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 3. A Professor Ridgeway, you¡®ve just written a biography of the poet Shelley, who (1) drowned off the coast of Italy in 1822 in a sailing accident. As you remind us in the introduction, people¡®s lives have been (2) enriched by poetry for thousands of years. What (3) recommendation could you make to a young poet who is just beginning their career?

B That they should always (4) strive to be themselves, and not to worry about (5) originality. Once they¡®ve found their own voice, it will be original in its own way, because everyone is unique.

A So you don¡®t believe in the (6) classifications which label poets as ¨Dromantic¡¬ or ¨Dmodernist¡¬ and so on?

B I do, but they have limited value.

A What do you think is the main (7) obstacle facing young poets today?

B I think it is to accept that you cannot be productive all the time. A poet¡®s mind is never (8) idle and waiting for the right moment is part of the creative process. All other problems are relative, and can be (9) tackled when you get to them.

5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. You may need to make other changes. 1 I felt depressed and lacking in confidence after reading his criticism of my novel. (demoralized) 2 Henry Miller¡®s The Books in My Life is about, as the name suggests, the story of his life. (autobiographical)

Henry Miller¡®s The Books in My Life is, as the name suggests, autobiographical.

3 Shakespeare had an extraordinary talent as a writer, which is without comparison in the history of English literature. (prodigious; unparalleled)

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4 Some people look to a book for pleasure rather than for understanding. (enlightenment)

5 The experiment in banning alcohol drinks in the United States actually led to an increase in crime. (prohibiting)

6 I¡®m not sure if it is to their advantage for readers to read this review before they start the book. (advantageous)

7 Miller¡®s Tropic of Cancer was, without doubt, one of the most infamous novels of the 20th century. (indubitably)

6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If someone makes a confession, do they tell you something (a) personal and secret, or (b) which everyone knows?

2 If someone whets your appetite for something, do they make you (a) desire for it, or (b) dislike it? 3 If you wade through piles of documents, do you (a) read or deal with them, or (b) just ignore them? 4 If you have to forego something, do you (a) finish it quickly, or (b) do without it?

5 Is someone who has business acumen (a) good at business, or (b) without any business skills? 6 Is a repetitive job one in which you do (a) different things, or (b) the same thing every day?

7 If you do something on the side, do you do it (a) in addition to a regular activity, or (b) where no one can see you do it?

Reading and interpreting 7 Answer the questions. 1 What is the first struggle that he has with books?

Miller¡®s first struggle is to obtain books and get his hands on them. 2 Why is it difficult to lay hands on them?

The books are not in the public library because someone has already borrowed them and Miller doesn¡®t have the money to buy them.

3 What sort of books are prohibited for a young man?

Books which are considered to be immoral for a young person to read. 4 What is the best way to be introduced to a book?

Through the passionate recommendation of someone who has read the book. 5 What is an unused book lying on a shelf compared with?

It is compared with wasted ammunition. This means that it is useless. It is also compared to money because it should be in circulation.

6 Why does Miller suggest resisting your impulses and not opening a book as soon as you get it? He says you should think intensely about the title, author, and likely contents, imagining what you would have written yourself about it. Then you may decide you don¡®t need to read it, or, if you do read it, you will read it with more interest and acumen.

Language in use

word formation: -ous

1 Write the adjectives which describe: 1 a writer who has achieved fame (famous) 2 readers who show curiosity (curious) 3 someone who feels envy (envious)

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4 a region which is full of mountains (mountainous) 5 a parcel which has a very large volume (voluminous) infinitive / gerund as the subject of a sentence

2 Complete the sentences using infinitive or gerund as the subject. Usually both forms are possible, but you should be able to justify your choice. 1 Getting up early in the morning gives me more time to organize the day. (To express an everyday activity)

2 To write a best-seller has always been my dream. (This is a bit more abstract or a far-away grand idea)

3 Forgetting to take back a library book may not seem serious, but it causes problems for other students.

(To express a normal activity for many people)

4 To spend a lot of time reading in one¡®s childhood can bring rewards later in life. (Use the more abstract form for an important idea) 5 To be or not to be, that is the question.

(In Shakespeare this can be interpreted as a grand idea, so he uses the formal way; if you say, ?Being or not being¡­¡® is may be more immediate and seems normal ¨C but in Hamlet the situation is not normal)

such is / are ¡­

3 Rewrite the sentences using such is / are ¡­ 1 Good writing is so powerful that the reader thinks the writer is speaking directly to them. The reader thinks the writer is speaking directly to them. Such is the power of good writing. 2 The novel Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is so charming that you can¡®t put it down even for a moment.

You can¡®t put Salmon Fishing in the Yemen down even for a moment. Such is the charm of the novel. 3 Travel is such a pleasure that you may end up living in another country. You may end up living in another country. Such is the pleasure of travel.

4 The sense of confusion in this film is so great that you may feel you want to leave before the end. You may feel you want to leave before the end. Such is the sense of confusion in this film. 5 The difficulties of translation are so enormous that much of the meaning is lost. Much of the meaning is lost. Such is the enormity of the difficulties of translation. if / whether it be ¡­

4 Rewrite the sentences using if / whether it be ¡­ 1 Is it the right time to start this kind of project? Ask yourself carefully.

Ask yourself carefully whether it be the right time to start this kind of project. 2 Is it the first edition of Dr Johnson¡®s Dictionary? I very much doubt it. I very much doubt if this be the first edition of Dr Johnson¡®s Dictionary. 3 Is it common knowledge that Arthur Miller thought like this? I¡®m not sure. I am not sure if it be common knowledge that Arthur Miller thought like this.

4 Is it necessary to produce any documents when making an application? Perhaps we should inquire. Perhaps we should inquire whether it be necessary to produce any documents when making an application.

5 Is it the right way to tackle the problem? I doubt it. I doubt if it be the right way to tackle the problem.

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collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions. 1 confront This word usually means to deal with a difficult situation.

(a) Which are the most important problems we have to confront in today¡®s world?

This could be a long list! I¡®d say: global warming, pollution, water shortages, extreme weather

conditions, local military conflicts, poverty, famine and hunger, unemployment, to name only a few. (b) Were you confronted by anyone asking for something on your way to class today?

Not today, but a few days ago I was confronted by someone asking for money ¨C which I didn¡®t like at all.

(c) What¡®s the biggest crisis you¡®ve ever been confronted with?

The problem that my grandfather is elderly and has Alzheimer¡®s disease: He needs constant care because he forgets ordinary things. It is difficult for my parents and for me because we all take turns to look after him. I realized what this was really like when I had to look after him for a weekend when my parents were away, but I discovered I have a lot more patience now. So perhaps this crisis has helped us to develop some good qualities, although it is actually a very difficult time for all of us.

2 idle This word usually means not being used, lazy, or without any real reason or purpose. (a) If someone is idle by nature, what don¡®t they like doing?

They don¡®t like doing work or other things that they should do but which they don¡®t like doing. (b) If machinery is idle, what isn¡®t it doing? The machinery is not being used.

(c) If someone picks up a book out of idle curiosity, do they have a strong motivation to read it? Not really, they just have a slight curiosity to see what the book is, but they have no real interest. (d) If someone makes you an idle threat, do you take it seriously? No, you don¡®t because you know that the threat has no real purpose.

3 tackle This word usually means to challenge someone or something, or to make an attempt to deal with

a problem.

(a) What are the main issues the government needs to tackle in the near future?

Well. I suppose there are several issues which need to be tackled, including rising prices and employment in some places, or some social problems in a few areas. (b) How do you tackle someone about their ideas and opinions?

I am inclined to be direct and simply ask them about their opinions and ideas. I think they will tell me honestly if they believe I am really interested in what they think.

(c) If you tackle someone in a game of football, what have you managed to do?

You have managed to get the ball away from them so that your team can keep the ball for a moment.

4 withstand This word usually means to be strong enough not to be harmed or destroyed by something,

or to be able to deal with a difficult situation.

(a) What sort of defences can withstand a direct attack?

To withstand a direct attack you need strong defences which are well placed. (b) What sort of clothes allow you to withstand the cold in winter?

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To withstand the cold in winter, you need thick, warm clothes.

(c) Can you withstand the pressure of having to produce regular assignments on your course?

Yes, I can. Actually, our teachers generally give us our assignments at intervals and we usually know well in advance what we should. So as long as you get on with the work (and don¡®t leave it until the last minute!) the pressure is not too bad and we can manage. 6 Translate the paragraph into Chinese. Indubitably the vast majority of books overlap one another. Few indeed are those which give the impression of originality, either in style or in content. Rare are the unique books ¨C less than 50,

perhaps, out of the whole storehouse of literature. In one of his recent autobiographical novels, Blaise Cendrars points out that R¨¦my de Gourmont, because of his knowledge and awareness of this repetitive quality in books, was able to select and read all that is worthwhile in the entire realm of literature. Cendrars himself ¨C who would suspect it? ¨C is a prodigious reader. He reads most authors in their original tongue. Not only that, but when he likes an author he reads every last book the man has written, as well as his letters and all the books that have been written about him. In our day his case is almost unparalleled, I imagine. For, not only has he read widely and deeply, but he has himself written a great many books. All on the side, as it were. For, if he is anything, Cendrars, he is a man of action, an adventurer and explorer, a man who has known how to ¨Dwaste¡¬ his time royally. He is, in a sense, the Julius Caesar of literature.

£¨¼¸´¦µ¹×°¾äÓ¦Áé»î´¦Àí£¬ÒÔÌåÏÖÔ­ÎÄÓïÆø¡£every last book the man has written µÈÓÚ all the books he has written¡£×¢ÒâÕâ¶Î»°µÄÂß¼­¹Øϵ¡£If he is anything, he is a man of¡­Ò»¾äÖÐµÄ if ´Ó¾äÆðÇ¿µ÷×÷ Óã¬ËµÃ÷Ëû²»ÊÇÒ»¸öÊéÉú»ò˼Ïë¼Ò£¬¶øÊÇÒ»¸öÐж¯¼Ò¡£´Ë´¦ÐèÁé»î·­Òë¡££©

²»ÈÝÖÃÒɵÄÊÇ£¬´ó¶àÊýÊ鶼»¥ÏàÖظ´£¬ÔÚÎÄÌå»òÄÚÈÝÉÏÈÃÈ˸е½¾ßÓжÀ´´ÐÔµÄÊéʵÔÚÊÇÉÙÖ®ÓÖÉÙ¡£ÔÚÕû¸öÎÄѧ¿â²ØÖУ¬»òÐíÖ»Óм«ÉÙÊý×÷Æ·¡ª¡ª²»µ½50±¾¡ª¡ªÊǶÀ¾ßÒ»¸ñµÄ¡£ÔÚ×î½ü³ö°æµÄÒ»²¿×Ô´«ÌåС˵ÖУ¬²¼À³Ë¹¡¤É£µÂÀ­¶ûÖ¸³ö£¬À×Ãס¤µÂ¡¤¹Å¶ûÃÉÖ®ËùÒÔÄܹ»Ñ¡Ôñ²¢Í¨¶ÁÎÄѧÁìÓòÖÐÒ»ÇÐÖµµÃ¶ÁµÄÊé¼®£¬¾ÍÊÇÒòΪËû֪ʶԨ²©£¬Á˽âÊéµÄÕâÖÖÖظ´ÐÔ¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˻ỳÒÉÉ£µÂÀ­¶û±¾È˾ÍÊÇÒ»¸ö²©ÀÀȺÊéµÄÈË£¬ËûÔĶÁÁ˴󲿷ֶÀ¾ß¸öÐÔµÄ×÷¼ÒµÄ×÷Æ·¡£²»½öÈç´Ë£¬Ò»µ©Ëûϲ»¶ÉÏÒ»¸ö×÷¼Ò£¬¾Í»áÔĶÁÕâ¸öÈËдµÄÿһ±¾Ê飬°üÀ¨ËûµÄÊéÐÅÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÓйØËûµÄÊé¼®¡£ÎÒ²ÂÏ룬ÔÚµ±½ñÊÀÉÏ£¬ÏñËûÕâÑùµÄÇé¿öÊǾøÎÞ½öÓеģ¬Ëû²»½ö¶ÁµÃ¹ã£¬¶ÁµÃÉ¶øÇÒ±¾ÈË»¹ÖøÊöÆÄ·á¡£ÕâÒ»ÇÐËƺõ¶¼ÊÇÔÚÒµÓàʱ¼äÍê³ÉµÄ¡£ÒòΪ´Ó±¾ÖÊÉϽ²£¬ËûÊÇÒ»¸öÊ®×ãµÄÐж¯¼Ò£¬Ò»¸öËÄ´¦°ÏÉæµÄðÏÕ¼ÒºÍ̽ÏÕ¼Ò£¬Ò»¸ö¶®µÃÈçºÎ´óÁ¿¨DÀË·Ñ¡¬Ê±¼äµÄÈË¡£´ÓijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ˵£¬ËûÊÇÎÄѧ½ìµÄ¿­Èö´óµÛ¡£ 7 Translate the paragraphs into English. 1 ÕÅÀÚÊÇÔÚ±ÏÒµ¹¤×÷ºó²Å¿ªÊ¼Òâʶµ½¶ÁÊéµÄÀÖȤµÄ¡£·´Ë¼×Ô¼ºµÄ´óѧ½ÌÓýʱ£¬Ëû¸Ð¿®²»ÒÑ£ºËûµÄһЩͬѧ¶¼³Á½þÓÚ´ÓͼÊé¹Ý»òÊéµêÕÒµ½µÄ¸÷ÖÖÓÐȤµÄÊé¼®£¬¶øËûÈ´Ö»¶ÁÁËһЩ½Ì¿ÆÊ飬ÆäÖÐÁ¬Ò»±¾ÕæÕýÄÜÈÃËû°®²»ÊÍÊÖ¡¢ÖµµÃÒ»¶ÁµÄÊ鶼ûÓС£Ëû¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊDZ»°þ¶áÁËͨ¹ýÊéÁ˽â×÷¼ÒÆæÃîÊÀ½çµÄÌØȨ¡£

It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Lei became aware of the pleasure of reading. Reflecting on his undergraduate studies, he lamented that he, unlike his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books they were able to lay hands on from the library or bookshop, had only read textbooks, none of which was really worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting. He was deprived of the privilege of gaining access to the writers¡® fantastic worlds through the windows their books have opened, so to speak.

2 Èç½ñ£¬ËûÊÈÊéÈçÃü£¬·ÏÇÞÍüʳ£¬ºÃÏñÒª°Ñ´óѧÆÚ¼äû»ú»á¶ÁµÄºÃÊéÈ«¶¼¶ÁÒ»±é¡£µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹ËûÒѾ­ÀûÓÃÒµÓàʱ¼ä¶ÁÁ˼¸°Ù±¾Ð¡Ëµ¡¢´«¼ÇºÍÓμǡ£ËûÒâʶµ½Êé²»½öÄÜÏòËûչʾһ¸ö³äÂúÏ£ÍûµÄÇ°¾°£¬°ïËûÏû³ýÏÖʵÉú»îÖеÄѹÁ¦ºÍÆ£ÀÍ£¬¶øÇÒÄܹ»°ïËû³ÎÇåһЩÎó½â£¬ÕÒµ½Éú»îµÄÕæÚС£

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(reflect on; in one sitting; lay hands on; immerse in; worthwhile; privilege; withstand; vista) Now he has become an avid and omnivorous reader. It is as if he wants to make up for those

marvelous books he hadn¡®t had a chance to read in his university days. By now, in his spare time, he has read several hundreds of books, including novels, biographies and travel notes. He realizes that books can not only reveal to him the vista of a hopeful future and help him withstand stresses and strains, they can also help him clear up some misconceptions and discover the true meaning of life. Translation of the passages Active reading (1)

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Unit 3

Active reading (1)

Background information

Fashion is generally divided into subsectors: menswear, womenswear, sportswear and streetwear,

hosiery (socks, tights, stockings), formal wear and casual wear. Fashion and the choice of what clothes we buy and wear is influenced by our beliefs, attitudes and personality. But this passage shows that the stock market can also be an influence. Culture points

The Californian gold rush (1848¨C1855) was a period of rapid migration of miners and other workers into California following the dramatic discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada. It led to the settlement of California.

Swinging London is a term that describes fashion and cultural trends in music and the media in mid-1960s Britain, especially London. Icons of the time included the miniskirt, the mini car, the first supermodels like Twiggy (who was famous for being very thin) and fashionable shopping streets for clothes (like Carnaby Street and Kings Road in London).

The hippie movement began in the early 1960s in California and spread internationally. Hippies had a reputation for social rebellion (eg with drugs and sexual behaviour) and alternative lifestyles (eg in communes). They tried to find a new way of life which valued peace, individuality, and religious and cultural diversity. The movement influenced popular music, TV and film, literature and the arts.

Hippie fashions included long full skirts, bell-bottomed jeans, home-made and tie-dyed garments, the use of flower designs (which represented peace and love), and influences from non-Western cultures in headscarves, headbands, bracelets and long beaded necklaces.

The punk period features fashions that expressed anger against society and included brightly coloured hair, ripped clothes and studded belts.

The New Romantics was a youth fashion movement, developed in 1960s in London. It is strongly associated with music, which was inspired by historical periods, especially the English Romantic

Movement. Fashions had a dramatic, flamboyant look with luscious fabrics, loose shirts with frills and short shirt collars, unfolded, with top buttons unfastened and using monotone colours.

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Power dressing is a stylish and perhaps expensive way of dressing (usually for business, the

professions or politics) which is intended to give the impression that the person wearing the clothes is assertive and competent, through the use of structured shapes, shoulder pads, smart fabrics, high heels and clean cut styling in the form of work uniform. Whether wearing particular styles of clothing empowers the wearer or whether newly-empowered people simply wear clothes that reflect their achievements is an open question.

Miami Vice was a classic 1980s TV crime drama about two detectives who go undercover to fight drug traffickers. The series ¨C and the 2006 film ¨C was noted for its strong use of music and visual effects; it has been rebroadcast around the world. During the five years of making this TV series the producers explicitly sought the advice of designers (eg Gianni Versace, Hugo Boss) in order to display the latest European fashion trends, with the result that Miami Vice had a significant influence on 1980s men¡®s fashion in the USA and elsewhere, and even on the 2000s revival (it was called ¨Dretro¡¬ or ¨Dretrospective style¡¬). The clothing style of the TV detectives, Sonny Crockett and Rico Tubbs, had pastel coloured T-shirts and suits, no socks, sunglasses, and an unshaven appearance of a small amount of beard stubble.

Heavy metal music is a kind of rock music that developed in the UK and USA in the late 1960s and early 1970s, characterized by loudness, speed, distorted amplified sounds and extended guitar solos. Converse is a company which has produced basketball shoes since 1917, especially the Chuck Taylor All Stars trainers (often abbreviated to ¨DChucks¡¬ or ¨DCons¡¬), named after the basketball player who contributed to the design and was the company¡®s best salesman.

Nike is a leading supplier of sportswear and equipment. This American company started making Nike shoes in 1971. They are named after the Greek winged goddess of victory.

The stock market indexes show the performance of the stock market, typically reflecting the rise and fall of the shares of large companies, eg the FTSE (also ¨Dfootsie¡¬) is an index of the top 100

companies listed on the London stock exchange and the Nikkei 225 is an index of the stock market in Tokyo.

Language points

1 No history of fashion in the years 1960 to 2010 can overlook or underestimate two constant factors: the ubiquitous jeans and ... (para 1)

The word ubiquitous means present everywhere. Thus the ubiquitous jeans means that jeans can be found everywhere.

2 Exactly why women should want to expose more or less of their legs during periods of economic boom and bust remains a mystery.

An economic boom is a sudden increase in trade, business activity and development in a particular area or region; an economic bust is a business failure or bankruptcy because of lack of money. The expression economic boom and bust describes cycles in which a boom period of growth, high production and rising prices is followed by economic decline, contraction and unemployment before a new cycle.

3 Whenever the economic outlook is unsettled ... (para 2)

The economic outlook is unsettled means the economy is unstable, that is, the economy has problems and is likely to change suddenly, making people uncertain about what may happen in the future. 4 It was given greater respectability when the great French designer, Courr¨¨ges, developed it into an item of high fashion. (para 4)

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For a while the miniskirt was controversial and not respectable because it showed a large extent of the wearer¡®s legs, but when Courr¨¨ges developed it in Paris fashion shows, this gave approval and support, because the miniskirt could be considered an item of high fashion (having high status from a Paris fashion house).

5 ... but the predominant colours became olive green and oatmeal. (para 10)

Predominant colours refer to the most common colours or those which seem more important or powerful.

6 ... which were described by one commentator as ¡°the prim and proper look is in ¡­¡± (para 11) A fashion is in when it is a new or current style, or out when it is out-of-date.

7 During the whole period, fashion styles have ranged widely, and have usually been sparked off by a desire to identify people as belonging to a particular sub-culture. (para 14)

During the whole period, there has been a wide range of different fashion styles, which were usually started by people¡®s wish to show their identity in a way that would make them distinct from the reset of society.

Vocabulary support

The following are some terms related to clothing that appear in the passage. Understanding of these terms may help with reading comprehension of the passage.

Hemline refers to the bottom edge of a dress or skirt. It shows the length of women¡®s skirts and dresses ¨C this length changes according to fashion.

Denim is a thick cotton cloth that is usually blue and is used especially to make jeans. The name comes from French De N?mes (¨Dfrom Nimes¡¬, a city in the south France). Such cloth was made both in France and England in the 17th century.

The word jeans comes from Genoa. Sailors from the 17th-century republic of Genoa worked in France and wore trousers made of a mix of cotton, linen and / or wool which was made near Turin in Italy. Bleached

jeans were also fashionable. They had been the fashion of the 17th-century sailors, whose trousers lost their colour when they were washed in sea water and were exposed to the sun. There are various different fits to jeans which include baggy, boot-cut, flares, wide leg, twisted and skinny jeans.

Miniskirt is a very short skirt of mid-thigh length. A micro miniskirt is shorter, up to the upper thigh; a midi is a skirt with a moderate length below the knee, perhaps mid-calf length; a maxi is an ankle-length skirt.

A pairs of tights is a piece of women¡®s clothing that tightly covers the feet and legs up to the waist; stockings only cover the feet and legs, and are held up with suspenders.

Flare is a shape that becomes wider at one end. A flared ¨Dbell-bottom¡¬ style refers to trousers with flared legs ¨C they get wider towards the foot and the end is even wider, like a bell.

A preppy style means wearing classic designer clothes with good fabrics to present a neat, smart, well-balanced appearance with bright colours and a clean look. A preppy lifestyle is happy, friendly and sociable,

with good manners. The word preppy is an abbreviation of preparatory, which refers to private or boarding schools which are preparation for college, which reflects the style of a preppy look.

Chinos are trousers which are a type of light-weight cotton cloth made of chino cloth or twill, a typical form of smart but casual dress.

A hood is part of a coat or jacket that covers your head; a hoodie (or hoody) is a jacket or sweat shirt

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with a hood.

Prim clothes are neat, sensible and proper, showing very little of your body. Prim and proper fashions are careful, modest, formal and demure, a respectable style which wouldn¡®t offend anyone. Lycra is a light cloth made from artificial fibers that stretches and keeps its shape. Loafers are low leather shoes that you slip on and off and do not need to tie.

Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions.

1 What happened on the fashion scene in the 1950s? (a) Blue jeans arrived in Europe and Asia.

(This happened and they were worn in Europe and Asia ¨Dwith huge enthusiasm¡¬.) (b) American youth started wearing jeans. (c) The French started to manufacture jeans. (d) American women started to wear trousers.

2 What do women want to do during an economic boom? (a) Show less of their legs. (b) Show more of their legs.

(Yes, it seems there is a direct correlation: as the economy booms, hemlines rise.) (c) Buy short skirts. (d) Sell their shares.

3 What did the tights help to promote in the 1960s? (a) The French fashion industry. (b) Stockings. (c) The miniskirt.

(Yes, because without tights the tops of stockings would show since miniskirts had much higher hemlines.)

(d) The Beatles.

4 What was popular in the mid-1980s? (a) Clean shaven faces. (b) Long hair.

(c) Denim jeans and jackets.

(Yes, the passage says ¨Ddenim remained popular ... heavy metal music fans wore ... jeans and denim jackets.)

(d) Short skirts.

5 What was fashionable in the 1990s? (a) Designer jeans.

(b) Dyed hair and trainers.

(Yes, both of these are specifically mentioned for the 1990s.) (c) Tight jeans and short hair. (d) Clothes with bright colours.

6 What happened in the fall of 2007? (a) Hemlines anticipated a global crisis.

(Yes, this is what happened, which was unusual according to the previous correlation that hemlines followed the economic situation rather than proceeding or anticipating it.)

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(b) Women¡®s skirts got shorter.

(c) There was a crisis on the stock market. (d) Designers began to lose touch with reality.

3 Match the photos with the sentences from the passage. Photo 1 (a) Photo 2 (d) Photo 3 (g)

Photo 4 (b) Photo 5 (e) Photo 6 (f) Photo 7 (c) Photo 1: 1960s

Photo 4: mid-1960s and early 1970s Photo 3: 1970s, the period of punk Photo 2: mid-1980s Photo 5: late 1980s Photo 7: 1990s Photo 6: 2001

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 able to be seen (visible)

2 to think or guess that something is smaller, less important etc than it really is (underestimate) 3 very brave and determined (courageous)

4 an urgent, difficult or dangerous situation (crisis)

5 the most common or greatest in number or amount (predominant)

6 new and different in a way that might offend or upset some people (daring) 5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. At a time of global (1) crisis, when stock markets are falling across the world, we should never (2) underestimate the ability of fashion designers to surprise us by bringing sunshine into people¡®s lives, and avoiding the (3) predominant trend of gloom and pessimism. This is certainly true of the fashion industry in Brazil. In 2009, when the effects of the financial situation were (4) visible almost everywhere, top designers launched a (5) daring new collection combining high hemlines, low

necklines, and lots of colour. As one commentator wrote, ¨DYou can call it a (6) courageous decision if you like, but it¡®s also a question of Brazilians doing what comes naturally to them.¡¬ 6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 If we don¡®t act soon, the situation will get worse. (deteriorate)

2 I¡®m afraid my trousers got torn when I tried to climb over that fence. (ripped)

3 You need thick pieces of material on your knees and elbows if you go rollerblading. (pads) 4 Access to the show is limited to journalists with press passes. (restricted)

5 The Dow Jones list of stocks and shares fell another 40 points yesterday. (index) 6 That was the most worrying piece of news I¡®d heard in a long time. (unsettling) 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 Is a ubiquitous item of clothing something you can find (a) everywhere, or (b) only in restricted circles?

2 Does bust refers to (a) economic growth, or (b) financial failure?

3 If a fashion item is sold exclusively in boutiques, can you find it (a) in department stores too, or (b) in no other shops apart from boutiques?

4 Is a backlash a (a) strong, or (b) weak reaction to something?

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5 Does a glamorous person looks (a) attractive, or (b) unattractive?

6 If you are lavish with your money, do you (a) spend money with care, or (b) spend money very generously?

7 If you bleach a pair of jeans, do you (a) add, or (b) remove its colour?

8 Is a woman who is prim and proper is more likely to wear (a) a micro miniskirt, or (b) a knee-length skirt?

9 If a model is skinny, is she (a) very thin, or (b) overweight?

Reading and interpreting

8 Look at the passage and find the formal equivalents of the following sentences. Identify the formal features in the original versions. 1 Historians writing about fashion between 1960 and 2010 always refer to two constant factors. No history of fashion in the years 1960 to 2010 can overlook or underestimate two constant factors. 2 ... young people bought them and wore them enthusiastically as they recognized them as a symbol of the young, informal American way of life.

... they were bought and worn with huge enthusiasm by young people and recognized as a symbol of the young, informal American way of life.

3 Many people have noticed the close correlation between the length of women¡®s skirts and the economy.

It has often been noted that there is a precise correlation, with only a few exceptions, between the length of women¡®s skirts and the economy. 4 Hemlines rise and fall with the stock market.

As the stock market rises, so do hemlines, and when it falls, so do they.

5 Nobody really knows why women want to show more or less of their legs during periods of economic boom and bust.

Exactly why women should want to expose more or less of their legs during periods of economic boom and bust remains a mystery.

6 The development of tights, instead of stockings, contributed to the international success of the miniskirt.

But it would not have achieved such international currency without the development of tights, instead of stockings, because the rise in hemlines meant the stocking tops would be visible.

Active reading (2)

Eco-jewellery: sea glass Background information

This is an article from Times Online of 27th September, 2008, by Anna Shepard, a journalist who writes a column called ¨DEco-worrier¡¬. She speaks on the radio and TV about green issues and has published a book, How Green Are My Wellies: Small Steps and Giant Leaps to Green Living with Style. She likes the idea of recycling glass from the sea to make jewellery. Culture points

Liberty has been a well-known department store in central London since 1875, selling fashions, cosmetics, luxury brand accessories and gifts.

Cape Town is the city with the second largest population in South Africa. It has a famous harbour and notable landmarks like the Table Mountain ad Cape Point.

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Seaham Beach is near Sunderland and Durham, in the north of England. It has a centuries-old

tradition of glass-making, notably in the 19th-century Victorian era when workers dumped left-over glass into the sea. Multi-coloured sea glass can be found there.

Language points

1 ... sidling up and down in the surf ... (para 1)

To sidle means to move slowly in a particular direction, usually because you are nervous or do not want to be noticed. Cowen moves slowly on the beach, looking for sea glass, going up and down in the waves of the sea as they move and fall onto the beach. 2 ... I¡¯ve burnt my shoulders ... (para 1)

She has been walking on the beach for hours in the sun, so her shoulders are red and sore from too much sun (sunburnt).

3 There is no hard and fast rule ... (para 3) There is no fixed rule. The process can change.

4 ... but she works mostly to commission ... (para 5)

People ask her to produce specific work (pieces of sea glass jewelry), for which they will pay. She is commissioned to do this.

5 ... a huge glass cabinet that preside over her studio. (para 5)

To preside over something means to be in a position of power while important events or changes are taking place. Here, this is a metaphor to show the central position of the cabinet in the studio.

6 The creation of sea glass is a form of recycling, but more than that, it is an example of nature compensating for man¡¯s folly. (para 8)

People were foolish ¨C they behave in a stupid and careless way to throw glass rubbish into the sea. But nature has compensated for this by slowly making the glass into beautiful pieces.

7 Although no one considered the consequences of hurling glass into the sea ¡­ (para 10)

To hurl means to throw something using a lot of force; to chuck means to throw something, but not necessarily with force (to chuck something away or to chuck something out usually refers to through away unwanted objects or rubbish); to dump means to get rid of something or place it somewhere carelessly, not necessarily throwing it ¨C but dumping rubbish can be the same as throwing it away, probably in the wrong place.

8 Today¡¯s responsible attitude to its disposal, revolving around recycling where possible, is vastly superior, but it signals the end of the sea-glass era. (para 10)

Today, people have a more responsible attitude to waste disposal and glass is usually recycled ¨C this is very much better than throwing glass into the sea. However, this responsible attitude sends a message that there will be no sea glass in the future.

9 Its eco-credentials lend sea glass further appeal ¡­ (para 12)

Its eco-credentials refers to the ecological background of the sea glass. That because sea glass was thrown away as rubbish, but it is now being recycled as jewellery it is qualified to have a good environmental reputation.

10 Gold¡¯s murky reputation for damaging the environment in the extraction process and the diamond industry¡¯s poor human rights record play into the hands of designers who have chosen to work with a material that puts a waste product to use. (para 12)

Getting gold from the earth and separating it from other metals often damages the environment. And it also involves dishonest activities, so gold extraction has a ¨Dmurky¡® reputation¡¬. The diamond industry

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also has a poor reputation because many workers are treated very badly. What people believe about these processes are exactly what designers of sea glass jewellery want to avoid, so that they gain an advantage in the jewellery market because they recycle materials.

Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 What happens when Gina Cowen goes looking for glass on a beach? (a) She gets bitten by crabs. (b) She gets burnt.

(Yes, she says she burns her shoulders.)

(c) She always finds a better piece than the last time. (d) She finds time passes slowly.

(No, ¨Dshe loses her sense of time¡¬ means that time passes very quickly so she is not conscious of how it passes.)

2 Why is red glass special compared to other types of glass? (a) It¡®s smoother.

(No, sea glass of any colour can be smooth over the years.) (b) It¡®s probably older.

(Yes, Cowen says there is a strong chance that it could be centuries old.) (c) It¡®s more beautiful. (d) It¡®s harder to find.

3 What does Cowen do with most of the jewellery she makes? (a) She sells it to private customers.

(Yes, the passage says ¨Dshe works mostly to commission¡¬.) (b) She exhibits it in galleries. (c) She keeps it in her room. (d) She sells it in a London shop.

(Well, some of her designs were sold in London Liberty, but she sells most of her designs privately.) 4 When did Cowen get interested in sea glass?

(a) When she wrote an article about it for a newspaper. (b) When she saw a collection in a glass cabinet. (c) While walking along a beach in South Africa.

(Yes, she found some glass there and started a collection.) (d) When she found out about the Victorian glass industry. (No, she found out about this later in Britain.) 5 Where does the best sea glass come from? (a) South Africa.

(b) Liberty in London. (c) Fiji and Majorca.

(Cowen has good sea glass from these islands, but it seems that the best is from British beaches.) (d) Beaches in England.

(Yes, Seaham Beach in Britain is her ¨Dfavourite hunting ground¡¬ and her Victorian sea-glass collection from British beaches is ¨Dmost stunning¡¬, so the implication is that, for Cowen, British beaches are where the best sea glass comes from.)

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6 Why will sea glass become rarer than diamonds? (a) People will stop making glass.

(b) It will eventually be transformed into sand. (c) More and more glass is being recycled.

(Yes, this means that old glass is made into new glass instead of being dumped in the sea. As a result, sea glass will become rare.)

(d) People will be prepared to pay a lot of money for it. 7 What did a 15-year-old girl manage to do? (a) She sold her collection of sea glass on eBay.

(b) She sold photographs of her collection of sea glass.

(No, she took photos in order to illustrate the collection to help to sell the sea glass ¨C she didn¡®t sell the photos.)

(c) She sold Cowen some sea glass for more than it was worth.

(Yes, the girl sold it on eBay and Cowen says she paid too much for it.) (d) She collected a lot of sea glass on a school trip.

8 Why is sea glass more ecological than diamonds and gold? (a) Getting it doesn¡®t damage the environment.

(Yes, the passage refers to serious ecological problems with extracting gold and mining diamonds, whereas because sea glass is waste material collecting and using it is actually clearing up the beach environment.)

(b) It can be used for a variety of purposes. (c) It is a naturally occurring product.

(No, sea glass does not occur naturally. it is glass that has been dumped into the sea by people as rubbish.)

(d) It can be recycled more easily.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to become or to make something become active, successful, or popular again (revive) 2 very impressive or beautiful (stunning)

3 to hang something from something else (suspend) 4 a formal agreement to get married (engagement)

5 the way that the level of the sea regularly rises and falls during the day (tide) 6 to be in charge of something or to be in a position of power (preside) 7 the process of getting rid of something (disposal) 8 very bright (luminous)

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 3. 1 To celebrate our engagement we had dinner in the best restaurant in Paris. 2 The lamp was suspended from an iron hook in the middle of the ceiling. 3 Someone needs to think about the disposal of all these waste products.

4 I¡®ve been asked to preside at next week¡®s meeting of the recycling committee. 5 The luminous object on the table turned out to be made of diamond.

6 I could spend hours here, just watching the seagulls flying past and the tides coming in and going out.

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7 When she walked into the restaurant she was wearing an absolutely stunning diamond necklace. 8 The President is likely to propose a stimulus plan that he believes will help revive the US economy. 5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. 1 I had a period of time as a volunteer before getting a job in the jewellery trade. (stint) 2 You shouldn¡®t just throw that rubbish into the river! (chuck)

3 It¡®s sheer stupid and careless behaviour to go on using up the earth¡®s resources as we are doing. (negligence)

4 I looked carefully at the horizon, but couldn¡®t see anyone coming towards me. (scoured) 5 I think the accident was due to the driver¡®s lack of care. (folly)

6 The removal of minerals from the earth is usually an expensive and dangerous task. (extraction) 7 The red kite is one of the most rarely seen birds in the country. (elusive) 6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If someone sidles up to you, are they moving (a) quickly and determinedly, or (b) slowly and casually?

2 Is a hard and fast rule (a) fixed, or (b) open to interpretation?

3 If someone has good eco-credentials, do they (a) care for the environment, or (b) show no interest in it?

4 If something has a murky reputation, is it (a) possibly dishonest or morally wrong, or (b) precious and highly respected?

5 If you play into the hands of someone, do you (a) approve of it, or (b) give them an advantage? 6 If you condone someone¡®s behaviour, do you (a) approve of it, or (b) disapprove of it?

7 If you pounce onto something, do you make a (a) quick movement to get hold of it, or (b) slow movement to get hold of it?

Reading and interpreting 7 Check (?) the writer¡¯s main purpose in writing the passage. To paint a portrait of a woman with unusual passion.

(The writer does have this purpose to show Cowen¡®s strong interest.) To describe the process of making jewellery from sea glass.

(This is one purpose although there are not many details about this.) To make people think about the importance of recycling. (Yes, this is a strong point in the passage.) ¡Ì A mixture of all three.

(Yes, the writer seems to have all the above three purposes here.) 8 Find the quotations in the passage which illustrate the ideas: 1 why sea glass is special

¨DIt has the ability to transform magically from something ordinary to luminous treasure after a stint in the sea.¡¬

2 why colour is important

¨DThe colour gives you a hint of age.¡¬

3 how a thoughtless act can have a happy ending

¨DThe creation of sea glass is a form of recycling, but more than that, it is an example of nature compensating for man¡®s folly.¡¬ 4 what will happen to sea glass

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¨DSea glass will eventually run our ¨C one day, it will be rarer than diamonds.¡¬ 5 the mysterious appeal of sea glass

¨DYou can imagine what object it might have been, where it traveled and how old it is.¡¬ 6 how almost anything can be made into jewellery

¨DPeople will find creative ways of working with whatever is available.¡¬

Language in use word formation: -y

1 Write the adjectives which describe: 1 a jacket with a flower design (flowery) 2 a label that sticks onto something (sticky) 3 a suit which has rather a high price (pricy) 4 hair which shines (shiny)

5 someone who makes a lot of fuss (fussy)

6 a personality which makes you think of sun (sunny) word formation: over ¨C

2 Replace the underlined words with verbs beginning with over- . You may need to make other changes. 1 I think you have made too big an estimate for the cost of the wedding. (overestimated) 2 They charged me too much money for that ring! (overcharged)

3 I slept too much last night and missed the flight to London. (overslept) 4 The flowers in her garden had grown everywhere. (overgrown)

5 It¡®s difficult to emphasize too greatly the importance of the fashion industry. (overemphasize) 6 I¡®ve got indigestion. I¡®ve eaten too much. (overeaten) see

3 Rewrite the sentences using see . 1 In 1987 there was a major stock market crash. 1987 saw a major stock market crash.

2 The early 1980s was a period of steady economic growth. The early 1980s saw a period of steady economic growth. 3 Long hair made a brief return in the 1990s. The 1990s saw a brief return to long hair.

4 On the first day of the sales there were hundreds of people queuing in the streets. The first day of the sales saw hundreds of people queuing in the streets.

5 There was great technological change during our grandparents¡® generation. Our grandparents¡® generation saw a great technological change. turn out to be

4 Rewrite the sentences using turn out to be . 1 I thought the ring was made of gold, but in the end it proved to be silver. I thought the ring was made of gold, but it turned out to be silver.

2 She looked like my cousin, but she was actually a complete stranger. She looked like my cousin, but she turned out to be a complete stranger.

3 The house needed a lot of work doing on it, but it proved to be a good investment. The house needed a lot of work doing on it, but it turned out to be a good investment.

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4 I saw smoke rising from the building, but it was a false alarm.

I saw smoke rising from the building, but it turned out to be a false alarm.

5 I didn¡®t want to move to England, but in the end it proved to be a wise decision. I didn¡®t want to move to England, but it turned out to be a wise decision.

collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions. 1 hint A hint can be something you say to show your feelings without saying directly what they are, a small amount of something, or a piece of advice.

(a) If someone has a hint of a smile on their face, what do you see? You see just a small sign of a smile but not a proper smile.

(b) What helpful hints would you give someone starting their own business?

I¡®d suggest that they need to have a clear focus on what the business is about and exactly how it will work, eg the person should identify a niche in the market that the new business can fill.

(c) If you drop a hint about what you would like for your birthday, do you ask for it directly? No, of course not! You just find a way to join in with a normal conversation and say something about what you would like.

2 range This word can mean a number of things of the same general type, the distance or limits of something, or to move freely.

(a) What can you find in a shop which stocks a wide range of products? You can find products of all kinds, a good variety of them.

(b) What would be the best thing to do if you were within range of someone with a gun? Run quickly away out of range if there is time; if not, take shelter. (c) Which is the biggest mountain range in China?

Well, the Himalayas are the highest, but the Tian Shan or Kunlun mountain ranges are longer. (d) What have hens which lay free-range eggs been able to do?

They have been able to run and walk around freely, compared to hens which are kept in small cages or containers.

3 reflect This word can mean to be a sign of a situation, or to think carefully about something. (a) Whose image is reflected if you look in a mirror?

Your own image is reflected back to you when you look in a mirror.

(b) Do you believe that the state of the economy can be reflected in the height of hemlines? I wouldn¡®t have believed it before I read the passage, but I believe it now! (c) Do you ever reflect on the mistakes you make in English?

Yes, I do try to reflect on them because I know such reflection is a good way to improve my English. 4 rise This word can mean an increase in number, amount or value, or the achievement of success or power.

(a) Why was there a sharp rise in unemployment in the West in the 1930s?

The sharp rise in unemployment was due to the stock market crash and the financial crisis. (b) What do you know about the rise and fall of the Roman Empire?

I know that over several hundred years the Roman Empire expanded, but after a time it then

declined over a long period. There¡®s a famous book called The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. (c) Do you live in a high-rise block of flats?

I know that a lot of people in cities in China do live in large apartment blocks which have many

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floors, maybe 15 or 20 or more, but I live in a flat in a much smaller house of just three floors. (d) What are the different factors which give rise to new fashions?

Fashion designers produce innovations and new styles. There are changes in the economic situation so that people may spend more or less on clothes; also new materials and colours become available, and people get different ideas about what to wear when they travel to other places or watch films and TV.

6 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

Sometimes the hemline indicator, as it¡®s called, can even precede and predict a change in the mood of the stock market long before it actually happens. In September 2007, at the New York fashion shows, which were displaying their styles for spring 2008, the trend was for much longer dresses and skirts, many to mid-calf or even down to the ankles. Some people felt this showed that the hemline indicator was no longer reliable, and that designers no longer dictated what people would wear. During the London and New York fashion shows in September 2008, hemlines continued to drop. But sure

enough, in the fall of 2008, the stock market indexes fell dramatically when the banking crisis hit the US, Europe and then the rest of the world. Hemlines were no longer following the stock market ¨C they were showing the way and indicating future economic trends. ÓÐʱºò£¬ËùνµÄȹ°ÚÖ¸±êÉõÖÁÄÜÊÂÏÈÔçÔç¾ÍÔ¤¸æ¹ÉÊеı仯¡£2007Äê9Ô£¬Å¦Ô¼Ê±×°Õ¹Õ¹Ê¾ÁË2008Äê´º¼¾Á÷Ðзç¸ñ£¬³±Á÷תÏòÁ˳¤Ò¡¢³¤È¹£¬Ðí¶àȹ°Ú½µÖÁСÍÈÖÐÏߣ¬ÉõÖÁµ½Á˽Åõס£ÓÐÈ˾õµÃ£¬Õâ±íÃ÷ȹ°ÚÖ¸±ê¿¿²»×¡ÁË£¬»òÕß·þ×°Éè¼Æʦ²»ÔÙ×óÓÒ×Å×°µÄÇ÷ÊÆÁË¡£ÔÚ2008Äê9ÔµÄÂ׶غÍŦԼʱװչÖУ¬È¹°Ú¼ÌÐøϽµ¡£¹ûÈ»£¬2008ÄêÇïÌì½ðÈÚΣ»úÏ®»÷ÃÀÅ·£¬²¨¼°È«Çò£¬¹ÉÖ¸¼±µø¡£´Ëʱ£¬È¹°Ú²»ÔÙ±»¶¯×·Ëæ¹ÉÊÐÉýµø£¬¶øÊÇÒýÁì³±Á÷£¬Ô¤Ê¾Î´À´µÄ¾­¼ÃÇ÷ÊÆÁË¡££¨? µÚÒ»¾äÔ­Îĸ´ÔÓ£¬µ«Òë³ÉÖÐÎĽϼòµ¥¡£×îºóÒ»¾äÒëÎļӴʣ¬¼ÓÉϨD±»¶¯¡¬¿ÉÆðÇ¿µ÷×÷Óã¬Èñ¾¾äµÄÒâ˼¸üÃ÷È·¡££© 7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

Ò»¸öÈ˵Ĵ©×ÅËƺõÄÜÓ°ÏìËûµÄÐÐΪ·½Ê½¡£Æ©È磬ÔÚУÄÚÒª´©Ð£·þÊÇÖÐСѧÉúËù±ØÐëÑϸñ×ñÊصĹæ¾ØÖ®Ò»¡£ÌÈÈôÔÚѧÉú×Å×°ÕûÆë»®Ò»ºÍÐÐΪµÄͳһ¹æ·¶Ö®¼ä²»´æÔÚÒ»ÖÖÏóÕ÷ÐÔ¹ØÁªµÄ»°£¬Ð£·þ±ã²»¿ÉÄÜÈç´ËÊ¢ÐС£

È»¶ø£¬¶àÄêµÄѧУÉú»îÈÃѧÉúÔÚÄÚÐÄÀï¶ÔËæ´¦¿É¼ûµÄУ·þ²úÉúÁ˵ִ¥ÇéÐ÷£¬Ð£·þ±Ï¾¹Ñ¹ÖÆÁ˸öÐԵıí´ï¡£ÎªÁËÃÖ²¹ÕâÖÖËðʧ£¬Ñ§Éú³£³£»áÔÚÖÜÄ©´©Á÷ÐеÄÐÝÏÐ×°¡£Ö±µ½ÉÏÁË´óѧ£¬ËûÃDzŻáÏíÊÜÕæÕýµÄ×Å×°×ÔÓÉ£¬¶ø·þ×°ÉϵÄÎÞÐòÓë´óѧÅàÑø´´ÔìÁ¦¡¢¹ÄÀø×ÔÓɱí´ï˼Ï뼰չ¶²Å»ªÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£¿ÉϧÕâÑùµÄºÃ¾°²»»áÌ«³¤£¬¾­¹ýÒ»¶ÎÏà¶Ô¶ÌÔݵÄ×ÔÓÉÖ®ºó£¬ËûÃÇÔÚ±ÏÒµ¹¤×÷Ö®ºó½«Ôٴξ­Àú×Å×°¹æ·¶µÄѹÁ¦¡£(hard and fast; there is no doubt that; currency; correlation; backlash; ubiquitous; compensate for;anarchy; obtain; revive)

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Unit 4

Active reading (1)

The Credit Card Trap

Culture points

A charity shop is a shop that sells clothes, books and other goods given by people in order to raise money for a charity (an organization that exists to help people in need).

Credit rating refers to information about someone that a bank or shop uses for deciding whether to lend them money or give them credit. With a higher credit rating, you can borrow more money or have a higher limit on a cash card etc. Language points

1 My credit card was a fairly pathetic, status-free dark blue, whereas hers was a very exclusive gold one. (Para 1)

My credit card was quite useless in an annoying way. It was dark blue and ordinary, it did not have any particular status. Hers was gold and it was limited to a particular group. So the writer felt inferior and wanted a gold credit card too.

2 Now, I had a job which was as steady as any job was in those days ¨C that¡¯s to say, not very, but you know, no complaints. (Para 3)

In those days a steady job (a job in which you would be employed steadily, for a long time) was often not very steady because in the bad economic situation many people would lose their jobs ¨C no job was steady, including the writer¡®s ¨C but at least she had a job. So, she did not really have any complaints. 3 They target people who are prone to impulse-buying, and potentially bad credit risks, tempted to spend more than they have, and liable to fall behind with repayments. (Para 7)

The credit card companies or banks direct their advertising and sales promotions at people who are very likely to buy things on impulse (without planning), who are possibly bad credit risks (ie they may not be able to pay their debts), who spend more money than they have, and who will not make repayments on time.

4 Her bank! I trusted them! They know even better than I do how broke she is. (Para 12)

The writer was very surprised that her bank ¨C which she had trusted as a good bank ¨C was offering her daughter a credit card, because she knew that her daughter had no money at all and the bank knew this even better than she did.

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5 ¡­ and it¡¯s probable that she¡¯ll have another go at university when she has paid off her debts. (Para 22)

Because of her debts, Kelly couldn¡®t get a student loan, so for financial reasons she dropped out of university and got a job in a supermarket. When she has paid off her debts, she may well go back to university and try again to finish her degree.

6 You¡¯ve got the whole world into this ridiculous credit card trap ¡­ (Para 26)

This is part of the writer¡®s humorous advice about what we should say to the banks: You have got everybody into this silly and unreasonable credit card trap ¨C you have caught us in this bad situation that is difficult to escape from.

Reading and understanding

3 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 Why did the writer feel ashamed when she met an old friend in a theatre queue? (a) She found she didn¡®t have enough money to pay for the tickets. (b) She realized that her friend had been more successful in life. (c) She thought her friend¡®s credit card looked better than her own. (d) She felt her friend looked better than she did.

2 What happened when she applied for a gold credit card? (a) She didn¡®t get one.

(b) It cost her more than she expected. (c) She was sent one of a different colour. (d) She felt better.

3 Which sort of customers do credit card companies want? (a) People who already have a lot of money.

(b) Students who might have a lot of money one day.

(c) People who are likely to spend more money than they have. (d) People who will never be able to pay the interest on repayments. 4 What did the writer¡®s daughter want her to do? (a) To lend her ¡ê3,000.

(b) To let her use the writer¡®s credit card.

(c) To support her application for a credit card.

(d) To increase the amount of money the writer was giving her regularly. 5 Why couldn¡®t Kelly access the money in her account? (a) She didn¡®t have an Internet connection.

(b) The bank wouldn¡®t let her operate the account from abroad. (c) She didn¡®t have any money left in the account.

(d) She had a communication problem in a foreign bank. 6 What happened to Kelly in the end?

(a) She couldn¡®t afford to continue her education.

(b) She stayed overseas and got a job in a supermarket.

(c) She had to take a bigger student loan to pay off her debts. (d) She was helped financially by her family.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

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4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 the action or process of buying or selling something (transaction) 2 to some degree, but not completely or extremely (fairly)

3 a written or spoken statement in which someone says that they are not satisfied with something (complaint)

4 to inform someone officially about something (notify) 5 happy and satisfied with your life (contented)

6 information that makes people notice a person, product etc (publicity) 7 to fail to do something that would have been helpful or honest (omit)

8 very expensive, and therefore available only to people who have a lot of money (exclusive) 9 difficult or impossible to exist or do something without (indispensable) 10 to trick someone by behaving in a dishonest way (deceive)

5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. If you¡®re going to study in the UK, a bank account is (1) indispensible. That¡®s because for (2)

transactions involving large sums of money you need to pay by bank transfer, or by cheque. It¡®s (3) fairly obvious you can¡®t carry large amounts of cash around with you all the time. So you need to choose a bank. And that¡®s not easy, because these days you hear more (4) complaints than

appreciation of the services they provide. They all spend a lot of money on (5) publicity trying to attract students, whom they see as an investment for their own future. Some of them offer (6) exclusive free gifts like designer T-shirts or stylish pens to secure your custom. But don¡®t be (7)

deceived by these offers. A (8) contented customer is someone who knows they can rely on their bank to (9) notify them when conditions change, and not to (10) omit to tell them when interest rates on overdrafts or credit card repayments have been increased.

6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 My car is very inexpensive to run ¨C it uses LPG instead of petrol. (economical)

2 When I saw Brian in his new sports car I felt a bit unhappy that he had something which I didn¡®t have.(jealous)

3 Our relationship is not serious or deep; we just say hello to each other when we meet, and that¡®s it.(superficial)

4 You¡®re likely to have a lot of repayments to make if you go on spending like that. (liable) 5 I like this coffee. It has a rather different and easy-to-recognize taste. (distinctive)

6 We have exchanged a number of letters about the best way to pay back the debt. (correspondence) 7 The important thing is to exercise some self-control when using a credit card. (restraint) 8 It reminds me of that lovely story about the evil giant who turns out to be afraid of his own shadow.(delightful; wicked)

7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If someone makes a pathetic excuse, is it (a) a good one, or (b) a bad one? 2 If you are prone to headaches, do you (a) often, or (b) seldom get them?

3 If you lure someone into doing something, do you (a) ask them directly, or (b) attract them, perhaps by deceiving them about it?

4 When you hug someone, do you (a) put your arms around their neck and shoulders, or (b) turn your back at them?

5 If you go into the red, have you (a) done something embarrassing, or (b) spent more money than you have on your bank account?

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6 Is an overdraft an agreed sum of money which the bank (a) allows you to spend when you have no money left in your account, or (b) gives you to open a new account?

7 If a doctor¡®s fee is exorbitant, are they charging you (a) too much, or (b) too little? 8 If you go on a spending spree, do you buy (a) lots of things, or (b) only a few things? 9 If you yearn for something, do you desire it (a) strongly, or (b) sincerely?

Active reading (2)

The Key to Wedded Bliss? Money matters Background information

This is an article from The New York Times, September 10th, 2008. The writer is Tara Siegel Barnard, who is Personal Finance Reporter for the newspaper. She writes about the personal finance aspects of tax, online shopping, retirement, mortgages, unemployment and similar issues. Previously she was deputy manager editor for a personal finances website and was a news editor and reporter for Dow Jones.

In the title, ¨Dwedded bliss¡¬ means the complete happiness of a marriage (the happiness after a wedding or marital bliss); ¨Dmoney matters¡¬ is deliberately ambiguous to include ¨Dis important¡¬ (it matters) and some things that are being discussed or dealt with and possibly ¨Dsubstances¡¬ or ¨Dsituations¡¬. The passage quotes several experts in finance and mentions the company or institution where they work and sometimes indicates where this is located. Following American conventions, the names of different states within the US are abbreviated. Thus NJ is New Jersey and Md is Maryland, both on the East coast, and Tex is Texas. As these examples show, the abbreviations usually use the first letters or both the first and last letters. Other examples are CA for California, PA for Pennsylvania, VA for Virginia, NY for New York, Me for Maine, NMex for New Mexico, Ill for Illinois and Wis for Wisconsin. Culture points

L.J. Altfest & company is a highly-praised company based in New York which provides advice to people who want to make investments.

Owings Mills Md is a suburb of the city of Baltimore, in Maryland, US.

Pivot Point Advisors is an investment management company that gives advice about financial planning, based in Bellaire, Texas. They are a fee-only company. That is, they don¡®t accept commissions on the investments they recommend.

Cash cushion refers to money which you have saved or set aside to protect you in case of something bad happens or emergencies.

Hedge funds are privately owned investment companies which offer investment possibilities for very wealthy individuals or professional investors (eg insurance companies or pension funds). Their

business generally depends on the skills of one or two investment managers rather than on the general economy or market conditions. People thought they could make a lot of money through hedge funds, but in 2008-2009 many collapsed because of unwise decisions

Language points

1 In fact, when it comes to finances, your marriage is likely to be your most valuable asset ¨C or your largest liability. (Para 2)

Regarding money, your marriage is either the best thing that you have or something that causes the

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problems.

2 For centuries, marriages were arranged affairs, aligning families for economic or political purposes or simply pooling the resources of those scraping by. (Para 3)

In the past arranged marriages helped families in this difficult position because they could share resources so that the families could work together more effectively.

3 So much of what we want ¨C or don¡¯t want ¨C out of life boils down to dollars and cents ¡­(Para 4)

A lot of what we want from our life ¨C or what we want to avoid - comes down to the main aspect or basic factor of money.

4 Having a supportive partner helps you professionally, which should trickle down to your mutual bottom line. (Para 16)

Having a partner who supports you helps you professionally; this should gradually affect your family finances.

5 Create a cash cushion, and live a lifestyle you can sustain. (Para 17)

You should have enough cash to protect you against any possible effects of something bad and have a lifestyle that you can maintain.

6 And when paring back, it¡¯s essential that each person make sacrifices. (Para 21)

When you are reducing expenditures, it is essential that both people make sacrifices (not just one person reducing or giving things up, while the other one gives up nothing).

7 Think of it as dollar-cost averaging your marriage, where you make small investments over time. (Para 23)

In dollar-cost averaging, an investor puts in the same small amount (in dollars) at regular intervals whether the share price is high or low: Over time this means you pay less and have a better result than someone who only invests at what seems to be the best times. The implication is that paying regular attention to things (in this case money matters) brings a better result with less effort than waiting until you really need to act (eg when there are problems or emergencies): act regularly now, don¡®t wait until retirement.

Reading and understanding 3 Work in pairs. Check (?) the advice which is given to couples. 1 Marry someone who isn¡®t very interested in money.

Since all couples will need money and will need to make financial decisions, you need some interest in money yourself and so will your partner. Not taking any interest is a recipe for debt or disaster. 2 Don¡®t spend too much time talking about money.

If you spend too much time talking about it, it is likely that you are not thinking efficiently about it. There are other topics to talk about!

¡Ì 3 Agree on some common goals in life. ¡Ì 4 Agree on how much money to save.

¡Ì 5 Run your home as if it were a business partnership.

6 Make sure the same person always looks after the finances.

If you do this, the other person will not feel involved, so important decisions or day-to-day knowledge of your finances will not belong to both of you.

¡Ì 7 Get advice from a mediator if you disagree with your partner. ¡Ì 8 Keep some financial independence.

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9 Don¡®t spend a lot of money going out together on dates.

It¡®s OK to have a good time but don¡®t spend extreme amounts of money on it: Be moderate and keep your life in balance.

4 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 In the opinion of the writer, what makes someone lucky in marriage? (a) Being able to see and understand their partner¡®s soul. (b) Finding someone who has the same ideas about money. (c) Having enough money to be able to save for the future. (d) Marrying someone who is wealthy.

2 According to the writer, why do most people today get married? (a) Because they are in love.

(b) Because they need the stability that marriage can provide. (c) Because marriage is a financial partnership. (d) Because of pressure from families.

3 What, according to Susan Reach Winters, are the major causes of divorce? (a) Sexual problems.

(b) Problems with children. (c) Financial problems. (d) All of these things.

4 What do experts advise couples to do before they get married? (a) To plan for their financial future. (b) To think about their career. (c) To discuss children. (d) To discuss health care.

5 What was the key to Jerry and Susan Ballard¡®s financial planning? (a) They gradually increased the amount they saved every year. (b) They had regular meetings about how to spend their money. (c) They interrupted their savings only to make important purchases. (d) They made sure they saved regularly each year.

6 How did Marc B. Schindler help a couple in difficulty? (a) He persuaded the wife to stop buying clothes. (b) He persuaded the husband to stop eating out.

(c) He helped them to save more than a million dollars. (d) He made them see each other¡®s point of view.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 a system of words, numbers or signs used for sending secret messages (code) 2 a senior manager in a business or other organization (executive) 3 a husband or wife (spouse)

4 rich and successful (prosperous) 5 a major benefit (asset)

6 felt or done in the same way by each of two or more people (mutual)

7 likely to have a good relationship because of being similar, or able to exist together (compatible)

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8 having an extremely close relationship (intimate)

9 to be an expert in a particular part of a subject or profession (specialize)

10 money that you have saved in a bank or invested so that you can use it later (savings)

6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5. 1 Ken Hu is now an executive in a company which specializes in giving advice to private investors. 2 Although the programme was compatible with my computer, the instructions were written in code, so I was unable to understand anything.

3 It is obviously an asset to a marriage if each spouse has a sensible attitude towards money. 4 Let¡®s try to create a more prosperous future by planning ahead and agreeing on mutual goals. 5 We are intimate friends, but I don¡®t know how many savings they have in the bank.

7 Answer the questions about the words. 1 If something is of cardinal importance, (a) is it vital, or (b) can you forget about it? 2 If you weather a bad period, do you (a) survive it, or (b) fail to survive it?

3 Would you expect someone who is supportive to (a) help you, or (b) leave you in a moment of crisis?

4 When you experience a downturn in your personal situation, do things get (a) better, or (b) worse? 5 Is a mediator someone who (a) tries to end a quarrel between two people by discussion, or (b) keeps them apart?

6 If you have divergent views about something, do you (a) agree, or (b) disagree with each other? 7 Is buddy an informal word for (a) a friend, or (b) a colleague?

8 Which is a better way to enliven the evening: (a) to go out to the theatre, or (b) to go to bed early?

8 Answer the questions about the phrases. 1 If you scrape by on your present salary, are you (a) living comfortably, or (b) having a hard time? 2 If a decision about something boils down to money, is this money (a) an important factor in the decision, or (b) the last thing to be considered?

3 If your ideas are in sync with someone else¡®s, do you think (a) alike, or (b) differently?

4 If you do one thing in lieu of another, do you do it (a) after, or (b) instead of the other thing?

5 Is your bottom line (a) the greatest change you are prepared to accept, or (b) a situation you are not really interested in?

6 Will a cash cushion (a) protect you, or (b) let you down in times of financial crisis? 7 If a firm goes bust, does it (a) make a lot of money, or (b) lose it all?

8 If you pare back your expenses, do you (a) increase them, or (b) cut them?

Language in use

word formation: noun ¨¦ verb 1 Write the verbs which mean: 1 to take people somewhere by bus (bus) 2 to write a text message to someone (text)

3 to go to parties and have fun eating, drinking, dancing etc (party) 4 to convert a cheque into cash (cash)

5 to pass something into someone¡®s hands (hand)

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6 to give someone something as a gift (gift) 7 to put money into the bank (bank)

2 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs you formed in Activity 1. 1 I¡®m afraid I can¡®t cash this for you, it hasn¡®t been signed.

2 Did you expect them to gift you the computer instead of getting you to pay for it? 3 After the match they bussed us all home. 4 I will text you as soon as I get to the station.

5 She handed me a copy of the report before the start of the meeting. 6 I advise you to bank all that money lying on your desk.

7 I¡®m exhausted. I¡®ve spent the whole of this week partying and having a good time.

prone / liable / subject + to

3 Rewrite the sentences using prone / liable / subject + to .

More than one choice is possible here, depending on how you understand a likely context. After all, they are similar in use and meaning but different choices are highly likely in certain contexts. 1 The train is often delayed on Sunday evenings.

The train is liable to delays on Sunday evenings. (There are staffing problems at weekends, especially on Sunday evenings.) The train is subject to delays on Sunday evenings. (There are particular regulations about Sunday travel.)

2 Zak is a child who often has accidents.

Zak is a child who is prone to accidents. (They are not his fault, he just seems accident-prone.) Zak is liable to have accidents. (He is careless and just doesn¡®t listen to advice about safety.) 3 She frequently gets headaches.

She is prone to headaches. (She will see a doctor to see if there is a medical reason but we don¡®t know the cause yet.) She is liable to get headaches. (Because those young children next door make so much noise.)

4 The loan requires a check on your financial situation.

The loan is subject to a check on your financial situation. (This is a legal requirement or a company regulation.)

5 Joe is a person who often arrives late.

Joe is liable to arrive late. (That¡®s Joe for you; you know him ¨C never even tries to arrive on time!) Joe is prone to arrive late. (He lives near the river and the road is often flooded during this season so he may have to go by another route which takes much longer.) 6 She may well break the rules in order to get what she wants.

She is liable to break the rules to get what she wants. (She doesn¡®t care about rules and she is rather selfish and ambitious.)

where

4 Rewrite the sentences using where . 1 We may get to a situation in which rising taxes make it hard to be profitable. We may get to a situation where rising taxes make it hard to be profitable. 2 This is the point with which I disagree.

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This is a point where I disagree.

3 My internship was an interesting experience during which I learnt how to deal with customers. My internship was an interesting experience where I learnt how to deal with customers. 4 This is the point in the year at which they usually give everyone a bonus. This is a point in the year where they usually give everyone a bonus.

5 Many people are now in a situation in which they cannot pay their debts. Many people are now in a situation where they cannot pay their debts. 6 I work in an office in which everyone feels at home. I work in an office where everyone feels at home.

collocations

5 Complete the sentences with suitable expressions from the collocation box. Sometimes more than one collocation is possible. 1 We were pushed out of the market by the tough competition.

2 All he really wants is a steady job to provide him with a regular income. 3 You made a smart decision when you left that company.

4 He¡®s been having a rather tough time lately, since he lost his job.

5 We use smart technology throughout the building. Everything is controlled by a central computer. 6 You¡®ve made a really valuable contribution to our organization, and we will miss you. 7 She gave me the most valuable advice about investments that I have ever had.

8 There is a dress code in most banks, and you will be expected to wear smart clothes. 9 Theirs is a very steady relationship. I expect they¡®ll get married quite soon.

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese. Today, while most of us marry for romantic reasons, marriage at its core is still a financial union. So much of what we want ¨C or don¡®t want ¨C out of life boils down to dollars and cents, whether it¡®s how hard we choose to work, how much we consume or how much we save. For some people, it¡®s working 80-hour weeks to finance a third home and country club membership; for others, it means cutting back on office hours to spend more time with the family.

¨DA lot of the debates people have about money are code for how we want to live our lives,¡¬ said Betsey Stevenson, assistant professor of business and public policy at the University of

Pennsylvania¡®s Wharton School, who researches the economics of marriage and divorce. ¨DA lot of the choices we make in how we want to live our lives involve how we spend our money.¡¬

Making those choices as a team is one of the most important ways to preserve your marital assets, and your union, experts say. But it¡®s that much easier when you already share similar outlooks on money matters ¨C or when you can, at the very least, find some middle ground.£¨×¢ÒâÁé»î·­ÒëijЩÃû´Ê£¬Èçromantic reasons, dollars and cents, code, union, as a teamµÈ¡£Êʵ±µ÷ÕûÔ­ÎÄijЩ¾ä×ÓµÄÓïÐòÒÔʹÒëÎĸüͨ˳¡££©

Èç½ñ£¬¾¡¹ÜÎÒÃÇ´ó¶àÊýÈËÊÇÒòÏà°®¶ø½á»é£¬»éÒö´Ó¸ù±¾ÉϽ²ÈÔÈ»ÊǽðÇ®ÉϵĽáºÏ¡£²»¹ÜÊÇÑ¡Ôñ¹¤×÷µÄŬÁ¦³Ì¶È£¬»¹ÊǾö¶¨Ïû·Ñ¶àÉÙ»ò´¢Ðî¶àÉÙ£¬ÎÒÃÇÉú»îÖÐÏëÒªµÃµ½µÄ¡ª¡ª»ò²»ÏëµÃµ½µÄ¡ª¡ªÐí¶à¶«Î÷¹é¸ù½áµ×¶¼¸úÇ®Óйء£¶ÔһЩÈËÀ´Ëµ£¬¾ÍÊÇÒ»Öܹ¤×÷80СʱÀ´Ö§¸¶µÚÈýÌ×·¿µÄ·¿¿îºÍÏç´å¾ãÀÖ²¿µÄ»áÔ±·Ñ£»¶ÔÁíһЩÈËÀ´Ëµ£¬Òâζ×ÅËõ¶ÌÉÏ°àʱ¼ä£¬»¨¸ü¶àµÄʱ¼äÅã°é¼ÒÈË¡£

¨DÓйØÇ®µÄÐí¶àÕùÂÛ¶¼Ê¹ØÉú»î·½Ê½µÄÔ­ÔòÎÊÌ⣬¶øÉú»î·½Ê½µÄÐí¶àÑ¡ÔñÔòÓëÈçºÎ»¨Ç®ÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£¡¬±öϦ·¨ÄáÑÇ´óѧÎÖ¶ÙÉÌѧԺµÄÉÌÒµ¼°¹«¹²Õþ²ßÖúÀí½ÌÊÚ±´Æ롤ʷµÙÎÄÉ­ÈçÊÇ˵£¬ËûÑо¿

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»éÒöºÍÀë»é¾­¼Ãѧ¡£

ר¼ÒÃÇ˵£¬·òÆÞÒ»Æð¹²Í¬×ö³öÕâЩѡÔñÊÇά»¤»éÒö×ʲú¼°»éÒö¹ØϵµÄ×îÖØÒªµÄ·½·¨Ö®Ò»¡£µ±È»£¬Èç¹û·òÆÞË«·½Ò»¿ªÊ¼¾ÍÔÚÇ®µÄÎÊÌâÉÏ¿´·¨ÏàËÆ£¬»òÕßÖÁÉÙÄܹ»ÔÚÇ®µÄÎÊÌâÉÏÏ໥Í×Э£¬ÄÇôÊÂÇé¾ÍºÃ°ì¶àÁË¡£

7 Translate the paragraphs into English. ̸¼°Ä¿Ç°¾­¼ÃÏôÌõËù´øÀ´µÄÓ°Ï죬ѧÉú»î¶¯µÄ¼õÉÙ¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öºÜºÃµÄÀýÖ¤¡£ÎªÁË»îԾУ԰Éú»î£¬´óѧԸÒâ»®²¦Ò»²¿·Ö×ʽðÀ´×ÊÖúѧÉúÉçÍŻ£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚ½ñÄêѧУµÄÔ¤Ëã´ó·ù¼õÉÙ£¬¶ÔÉçÍŵÄ×ÊÖúÒ²ÏàÓ¦Ëõ¼õÁ˲»ÉÙ¡£ÏÔÈ»£¬Ñ§ÉúÉçÍÅÒª»Ö¸´ÒÔÇ°µÄ»îÁ¦¾Í±ØÐëÏë°ì·¨¿Ë·þ×ÔÉíµÄ¾­¼ÃÀ§ÄÑ¡£ÓÐÈËÖ÷ÕÅÕÐļ¸ü¶à»áÔ±£¬ÒòΪ»áÔ±·ÑµÄÔö¼Ó¿ÉÒÔ°ïÖúËûÃǶȹýÄѹء£

µ±È»£¬Èç¹ûÓиü¶àµÄ»áÔ±½»Äê·Ñ£¬¶øÇÒËõ¼õһЩÈÕ³£¿ªÖ§£¬ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÊÇÄÜÊ¡ÏÂһЩǮÀ´×éÖ¯»î¶¯µÄ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎÊÌâµÄ¹Ø¼üÔÚÓÚÉçÍŻµÄ·ÑÓÃÓë²Î¼Ó»î¶¯µÄÈËÊýÊdzÉÕý±ÈµÄ£¬Òò´ËÕâÖÖ·½·¨¿ÖŲ»Ì«¿ÉÐС£ÒªÍƽøÉçÍŻ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖ²»Ê¹¾­·Ñ³¬Ö§£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐëȺ²ßȺÁ¦£¬Äóö±ðµÄ³ïÇ®·½·¨£¬¶ø²»Êǽö½öÒÀÀµÑ§Ð£²¦¿îºÍ»áÔ±·Ñ¡£(when it comes to; carve out; pare down; cut back on; bottom line; go into the red; pool; in lieu of)

When it comes to the effects of the current economic downturn, the decrease of student activities is a good case in point. To enliven campus life, the university is always willing to carve out money for activities organized by student clubs and societies, but such sponsorships have been pared down this year because of huge budget cut. Apparently, student organizations need to weather their own

financial crisis if they want to recover from their current state of inactiveness. Some suggest enrolling more club members, on the ground that the consequent increase of membership fees may help them get out of the difficulty.

No doubt, if we have more members paying the annual fee, and if we cut back on our daily

expenses, we can spare some money for organizing activities. But the bottom line is that the expenses of these activities are in proportion to the number of participants. I¡®m afraid this won¡®t be of much help. To boost student activities and to avoid going into the red, we still need to pool our ideas and come up with some other ways of raising money, in lieu of relying only on university grants and membership fees.

Translation of the passages Active reading (1)

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