论） is often conveniently referred to as \．

Those who（5） B the \behaviour patterns are （6） B determined by biological factors． That our environment has little， if anything， to do with our abilities， characteristics and behaviour is （7） C to this theory． Taken to an extreme， this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our （8） D ．

Supporters of the \， or， as they are often called，（9） D ， claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act． A behaviorist， B． F． Skinner， sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely（10） A by their surroundings． The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic． They state that， like machines， humans respond to （11） A stimuli（刺激） as the basis of their behaviour．

Socially and politically， the consequences of these two theories are （12） D ． In the US， for example， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests． This leads some \supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are． Behaviorists，（13） A ， say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy， and that， as a result， they do not develop the same （14） B that whites do．

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour． As a matter of fact， it is quite （15） D that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．

（1）A． sensitive （2）A． moderately （3）A． distinct （4）A． objectors （5）A． claim （6）A． completely

B． productive C． competitive B． extremely B． reliable B． operators B． support B． largely

C． reluctantly C． relevant C． opponents C． resolve C． thoroughly

D． aggressive D． scarcely D． equal D． advocates D． inherit D． merely

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（7）A． sensitive （8）A． abilities （9）A． experts （10）A． shaped

B． open B． capacities B． scientists B． dominated

C． central C． personalities C． environmentalists C． oppressed C． genetic C． fatal C． after all C． characteristics

D． subject D． instincts D． behaviorists D． restricted D． psychological D． far﹣reaching D． for instance D． advantages D． likely

（11）A． environmental B． biological （12）A． temporary

B． slight

（13）A． on the contrary B． as a whole （14）A． habits （15）A． necessary

B． responses

B． impossible C． unreasonable

【考点】M2：社会文化．

【分析】人们很难解释为什么一个人聪明而另一个人不聪明，或者为什么一个人喜欢合作而另一个人竞喜欢争．本文介绍了两种理论，并且对此提出例子来说明． 【解答】CBADB BCDDA ADABD

（1）C．形容词词意辨析题．A． sensitive 敏感 B． productive 生产 C． competitive 竞争 D． aggressive 好斗．很难解释为什么一个人聪明而另一个人不聪明，或者为什么一个人喜欢合作而另一个人竞喜欢争．故选C．

（2）B．副词词意辨析题．A． moderately 适度地 B． extremely 非常 C． reluctantly 不情愿地 D． scarcely 几乎不．社会科学家当然对这类问题非常感兴趣．故选B． （3）A．形容词词意辨析题．A． distinct 明显的 B． reliable 可靠的 C． relevant 相关的 D． equal 平等的．目前还没有明确的答案，但在这个问题上已经形成了两种明显的、截然不同的思想流派．故选A．

（4）D．名词词意辨析题．A． objectors 反对者 B． operators 经营者 C． opponents 对手 D． advocates 主张．正如人们可能预期的那样，这两种方法截然不同，而且每种理论的支持者之间存在着大量的争论．故选D．

（5）B．动词词意辨析题．A． claim 要求 B． support 支持 C． resolve 决定 D． inherit 继承．那些支持\自然\的人，相信我们的个性是由生物因素决定的．故选B．

（6）B．副词词意辨析题．A． completely 完全地 B． largely 主要地 C． thoroughly 彻底地 D． merely 仅仅．人的行为模式在很大程度上是由生物因素决定的．故选B．

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（7）C．形容词词意辨析题．A． sensitive 敏感的 B． open 打开 C． central 中心的 D． subject 主题．我们的环境与我们的能力、特征和行为几乎没有任何关系，这是这一理论的核心．故选C．

（8）D．名词词意辨析题．A． abilities 能力 B． capacities 能力 C． personalities 诽谤 D． instincts 本能．极端地说，这个理论认为，我们的行为在很大程度上是预先决定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的支配．故选D．

（9）D．名词词意辨析题．A． experts 专家 B． scientists 科学家 C． environmentalists 环保主义 D． behaviorists 行为．\后天培养\理论的支持者，或者如他们通常所说的，行为主义者，声称在决定我们如何行动时，我们的环境比我们基于生物学的本能更重要．故选D．

（10）A．动词词意辨析题．A． shaped 塑造 B． dominated 控制 C． oppressed 压迫 D． restricted 限制．行为学家认为，人类的行为几乎完全是由周围环境塑造的．故选A．

（11）A．形容词词意辨析题．A． environmental 环境的 B． biological 生物的 C． genetic 遗传的 D． psychological 心理的．他们指出，就像机器一样，人类对环境刺激的反应是其行为的基础．故选A．

（12）D．形容词词意辨析题．A． temporary 暂时的 B． slight 轻微的 C． fatal 致命的 D． far﹣reaching 深远的．在社会和政治上，这两种理论的影响是深远的．故选D． （13）A．词组词意辨析题．A． on the contrary 相反 B． as a whole 总的来说 C． after all 毕竟 D． for instance 例如．相反，行为主义者认为，差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人享有的许多优势．故选A．

（14）B．名词词意辨析题．A． habits 习惯 B． responses 反应 C． characteristics 特征 D． advantages 优势．因此，他们的反应和白人不同．故选B．

（15）D．副词词意辨析题．A． necessary 必须的 B． impossible 不可能 C． unreasonable 不合理 D． likely 很可能．事实上，我们行为的关键很可能就在这两个极端之间，争议肯定会持续很长一段时间．故选D．

【点评】完形填空试题所涉及的知识面不断拓宽，综合难度不断提高．做完型填空首先要通读全文，了解大意．一篇完形填空的文章有许多空格，所以，必须先通读一至两遍，才能大概了解文章的内容．千万不要看一句，做一句．其次要逐句分析，前后一致．选择答案时，要考虑整个句子的内容，包括搭配、时态、语法等．答案全部填完后，再通

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读一遍文章，检查是否通顺流畅了，用词得当，意思正确．

4．（8分）I'm a student in my fourth year of a biomedical science degree at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen， but I also work 38 hours a week at Sainsbury's to make ends meet． I do three night shifts a week， plus overtime if I can get it． Monday is the most occupied day for me ﹣﹣ I work from 10 pm until 8 am on Saturday and Sunday nights， earning just over ￡100 a night， and then I have to be at my first lecture at 9 am on Monday． By the time I finish lectures， at 2 pm， I'm exhausted， but I know I have to be back at work by 10 pm． I constantly have to force myself to stay awake， and to be alert， whatever it takes． A packet of Skittles and a Red Bull usually helps． The work I do at Sainsbury's is very physical like stacking shelves． I'm lucky because I'm an active person and the amount I lift at work is nothing compared with the weights I lift in the gym． I know I have the strength to bear it． I'm originally from Nigeria． I came here when I was seven， growing up in Croydon， south London． Money was tight． My parents gave me everything I needed， but there was no money to spend on luxuries． I worked hard at school though and， with the help of GT Scholars， I got some of the best A﹣level grades in my class．

Unfortunately， though I had applied for \British residential status when very young， the Home Office waited until I was in sixth form to approve my application． That meant I wasn't eligible for a student loan． The only way I could afford to go to university was that if I got a job that would pay for all my living costs and my parents， who work in market research， paid for my tuition fees． In Scotland， that's about ￡7，000 a year．

I don't have much time to socialize because of my job． Ideally， I would also like to have more time to study so I can excel at my course． Yes， I have a lot on my plate， but working hard isn't new to me． Growing up， my parents and my mentors in the church and at GT Scholars cultivated in me the importance of working hard for what I want in life．

My dream is to do an MA in physiotherapy next year and then get a job working for the NHS． But right now， I'm just focused on trying to get the best grades I can． Whenever I find life hard， I tell myself this is about my future． I don't need much， but I would like to worry less about money and have more free time． That is what I look forward to the most．

（1）Why does the author work long hours and sometimes overtime every week？ D

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