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2.2.1 Three branches of phonetics ÓïÒôѧµÄÈý¸ö·ÖÖ§
¢ÅArticulatory phonetics ·¢ÒôÓïÒôѧ£¨longest established, mostly developed £©
Studies how speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.
¢ÆAuditory phonetics Ìý¾õÓïÒôѧ
Studies how sounds are perceived by the hearer.
¢ÇAcoustic phonetics ÉùѧÓïÒôѧ
Sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
2.2.2 Organs of Speech ·¢ÒôÆ÷¹Ù
1. Pharyngeal cavity¨CÑÊÇ» £¨the throat-ºíÁü£© 2. Oral cavity¨C¿ÚÇ»£¨the mouth-¿Ú£©
greatest source of modification of air stream found here ÆøÁ÷µ÷½ÚµÄ×îÖ÷ҪԴȪÀ´×Ô¿ÚÇ» The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other ËùÓÐÆ÷¹ÙÖУ¬ÉàÍ·×îÁé»î£¬¶øÇÒ±ÈÆäËûÈÎºÎÆ÷¹ÙÄÜ¿ØÖƸü¶àµÄ·¢Òô¡£
3. Nasal cavity¨C±ÇÇ» £¨the nose-±Ç£©
2.2.3 Orthogarphic representation of speech sounds - broad and narrow transcription ÓïÒôµÄÕý×Ö±íÕ÷¡ª¿íʽºÍÑÏʽ±êÒô *Distinctions between broad and narrow transcription
Broad transcription£ºthe transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.
Narrow transcription£ºthe transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.
2.2.4 classification of English speech soundsÓ¢ÓïÓïÒôµÄ·ÖÀà
ÔªÒôºÍ¸¨ÒôÖ®¼äµÄʵÖÊÐÔÇø±ð£ºÔªÒô²úÉúµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬À´×Էβ¿µÄÆøÁ÷²»ÊÜÈκÎ×èÈû¡£ £¨air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever£©
2.2.4.1 classification of English consonantsÓ¢Ó︨ÒôµÄ·ÖÀà
1.¸ù¾Ý·¢Òô·½Ê½£¨terms of manner£©£¬Ó¢ÓïµÄ¸¨Òô¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪ£º 1£© stops±¬ÆÆÒô£º·¢±¬ÆÆÒôʱ£¬ÆøÁ÷¿ªÊ¼ÍêÈ«ÊÜ×裬ȻºóͻȻÊÍ·Å£¬Èç
[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
2£© fricativesĦ²ÁÒô:·¢Ä¦²ÁÒôʱ£¬ÆøÁ÷²¿·ÖÊÜ×è£¬ÆøÁ÷´ÓÏÁÕµÄͨµÀ¼·³ö£¬²úÉúĦ
²Á£¬Èç[f],[v],[s],[z],[ ],[ ], [ ], [ ], [h] 3£© affricatesÈû²ÁÒô:·¢Èû²ÁÒôʱ£¬ÆøÁ÷¿ªÊ¼ÍêÈ«ÊÜ×裬ȻºóÆøÁ÷´ÓÏÁÕͨµÀ»ºÂýÊÍ
·Å£¬²¢°éÓÐĦ²Á·¢Éú£¬È磺[t¡Ò], [d ] 4£© liquidsÁ÷Òô£ºÔÚ·¢Á÷Òôʱ£¬ÊÜ×èµÄÆøÁ÷´ÓÉàÍ·ÓëÉϲ¿£¨roof of the mouth£©ÐÎ
³ÉµÄͨµÀÊͷųö£¬È磺[l],[r]¡£ 5£© nasals±ÇÒô£º·¢Òôʱ£¬ÆøÁ÷´Ó±ÇÇ»ÊͷųöËù·¢³öµÄÒôΪ±ÇÒô£¬Èç[n],[m],[ ] 6£© glides»¬Òô(°ë±ÇÒô)£º»¬ÒôÓÖ³ÆÖ®Îª°ëÔªÒô¡£Ó¢ÓïÖл¬ÒôÓÐ[w]ºÍ[j]¡£ËüÃǵķ¢
Òô·½Ê½Óë[u]ºÍ[i]Ïàͬ¡£ 2.¸ù¾Ý·¢Òô²¿Î»£¨terms of place£©£¬Ó¢Ó︨Òô¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪ£º 1£© bilabialË«´½Òô£ºÆøÁ÷ÊÜ×貿λÔÚË«´½£¬Èç[p],[b],[m],[w] 2£© labiodental´½³ÝÒô£ºÏ´½ÓëÉϳݽӴ¥Ê¹ÆøÁ÷ÊÜ×裬Èç[f],[v] 3£© dental³ÝÒô:Éà¼âÓëÉϳݽӴ¥Ê¹ÆøÁ÷ÊÜ×裬È磺[¦È],[ ] 4£© alveolar³Ýö¸Òô£ºÉà¼âÓëÉϳÝö¸Â¡¹Ç½Ó´¥Ê¹ÆøÁ÷ÊÜ×裬È磺
[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
5£© palatalëñÒô:ÊÜ×貿λ·¢ÉúÔÚÉà¸ùÓëÓ²ëñÖ®¼ä£¬È磺[¡Ò], [ ],[ t¡Ò ], [ ], [j] 6£© yelarÈíëñÒô:Éà¸ùÓëÈíëñ½Ó´¥Ê¹ÆøÁ÷ÊÜ×裬È磺 [k], [g], [ ] 7£© glottalºíÒô:Éù´ø¶Ìʱ½Ó´¥Ê¹ÆøÁ÷ÊÜ×裬È磺[h]
2.2.4.2 classification of English vowelsÓ¢ÓïÔªÒôµÄ·ÖÀࣨӢp21ͼ£©
ÔªÒôÓ븨Òô²»Í¬£¬²»Äܸù¾Ý¸¨ÒôµÄ·¢Òô·½Ê½ºÍ·¢Òô²¿Î»À´·ÖÀà¡£ÔªÒô³£¸ù¾ÝÉàλµÄ¸ßµÍ£¨the position of the tongue in the mouth£©¡¢¿ÚÇ»ÕÅ¿ªµÄ³Ì¶È£¨the openness of the mouth£©¡¢×ì´½µÄÐÎ×´£¨the shape of the lips£©ºÍÔªÒôµÄ·¢Òô³¤¶È£¨the length of the vowels£©¡£ 1£© ÉàλµÄ¸ßµÍ(the position of the tongue in the mouth)
1.front vowelsǰԪÒô,·¢ÒôʱÉàͷǰ²¿Ì§µÃ×î¸ß£º[i:] [i] [e] [ ] [a]. 2.central vowelsÖÐÔªÒô,·¢ÒôʱÉàÍ·µÄÖв¿Ì§µÃ×î¸ßÈ磺[ ], [ ],[ ] 3. back vowelsºóÔªÒô,·¢ÒôʱÉà¸ù²¿Î»Ì§µÃ×î¸ßÈ磺[u:] [ ] [ ], [ ]and [ ]. 2£© ¿ª¿Ú¶È£º¸ù¾Ý¿ª¿Ú¶È£¨the openness of the mouth£©£¬Í¨³£°ÑÔªÒô·ÖΪÒÔÏÂËÄÖÖ£º
1.close vowels±ÕÔªÒô£ºÈ磺[i:],[ i],[u:],[ ] 2. semi-close vowels°ë±ÕÔªÒô:È磺[e], [§Ù: ] 3.semi-open vowels°ë¿ªÔªÒô:Èç[ ], [ ] 4.open vowels¿ªÔªÒô:È磺[?], [a], [¦«], [ ], [¨»:] 3£© ×ì´½ÐÎ×´£¨the shape of the lips£©£º
1.rounded vowelsÔ²´½ÔªÒô£ºÓ¢ÓïÖгýÁË[¨»:]ÒÔÍ⣬ËùÓеĺóÔªÒô¶¼ÊÇÔ²´½ÔªÒô¡£ 2.unrounded vowels²»Ô²´½ÔªÒô£ºÓ¢ÓïÖÐËùÓеÄǰԪÒôºÍÖÐÔªÒô¶¼ÊDz»Ô²´½ÔªÒô¡£ 4£© ÔªÒôµÄ³¤¶È£º¸ù¾Ý·¢ÒôµÄ³¤¶È£¨the length of the vowels£©£¬ÔªÒô·ÖΪ³¤ÔªÒôlong
vowelsºÍ¶ÌÔªÒôshort vowels¡££¨³¤ÔªÒô³£ÓÃÒ»¸ö·ÖºÅÀ´±íʾ¡£Ó¢ÓïÖг¤ÔªÒôÓУº[i:] [ ] [ ] [u:] [¨»:]£¬ÆäÓà¶¼ÊǶÌÔªÒô¡£ £© 5£© ¸ù¾Ý·¢Òôʱºí²¿µÄ½ôÕų̶ȣ¨the length of the sound£©°ÑÔªÒô·ÖΪ½ôÔªÒôtense vowels
ºÍËÉÔªÒôlax vowels¡£ ³¤ÔªÒô¶¼ÊǽôÔªÒô,¶ÌÔªÒô¶¼ÊÇËÉÔªÒô¡£ 6£© ³ýÁ˵¥ÔªÒôÍ⣬ӢÓïÖл¹ÓÐÒ»×é˫ԪÒô£¬È磺[ ei ] [ai] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]¡£ £¨¸ù¾ÝÒÔÉϱê×¼£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÔªÒô½øÐÐÃèÊö£¬Èç[e]±»ÃèÊöΪǰ¡¢°ë±ÕºÏ¡¢²»Ô²´½ÔªÒô¡££©
2.3.1 Similarities and distinctions between phonetics and phonology Similarities: both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of
language---the speak sounds. ÒôϵѧºÍÓïÒôѧ¶¼ÊǶÔÓïÒôµÄÑо¿.
Distinctions: while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and
focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they process, how they can be classified, etc. phonology, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication.
ÓïÒôѧÑо¿¶ÔÏóÊÇÈËÀàËùÓÐÓïÑÔµÄÓïÒô£¬ËüÖ÷ÒªÊǶÔÓïÒô½øÐÐÃèÊöºÍ·ÖÀ࣬È磬ÒôµÄ·¢Òô·½Ê½£¬ÒôµÄÓïÒôÌØÕ÷£¬ÒÔ¼°ÒôÓëÒôÖ®¼äµÄ²î±ð£»ÒôϵѧÑо¿µÄÊÇÄ³Ò»ÌØ¶¨ÓïÑÔµÄÓïÒôÌåϵ£¬¼´ÒôÔÚÌØ¶¨µÄÓïÑÔÖÐÊÇÈçºÎ½áºÏ²úÉúÓÐÒâÒåµÄµ¥Î»À´½øÐн»¼Ê¡£(Òôϵѧ¼Ò²»¹Ø×¢²»¾ß±¸ÓïÒåÇø±ðÐÔ¼ÛÖµµÄÓïÒô£¬¶øÓïÒôѧ¼Ò¼ÈÑо¿¾ßÓÐÓïÒåÇø±ðÐÔ¼ÛÖµµÄÒô£¬Ò²Ñо¿²»¾ß±¸ÓïÒåÇø±ðÐÔ¼ÛÖµµÄÒô¡£)
2.3.2 Distinctions between phone, phoneme and allophoneÒôËØ¡¢Òôλ¡¢
Òôλ±äÌå
1. phone ÒôËØ:A phone is a phonetic unit or segment, but it does not
necessarily distinguish meaning, it¡¯s a speech sound we use when speaking a language.
ÒôËØÊÇÒ»¸öÓïÒôµ¥Ôª»òÒô¶Î£¬µ«Ò»¸öÒôËØ²¢²»±ØÈ»Çø±ðÒâÒå¡£
£¨ÔÚÒ»ÃÅÓïÑÔÖв»ÄÜÇø±ðÒâÒåÊǶ«Î÷ÓпÉÄÜÔÚÁíÒ»ÃÅÓïÑÔÖÐÄÜÇø±ðÒâÒå¡££©
2. PhonemeÒôλ:The basic unit in phonology, it¡¯s a collection of distinctive
phonetic features. ÒôλÊÇÒ»¸öÒôλѧµÄµ¥Î» £¨ÎÞÂÛËÍÆøÓë·ñ¶¼²»»áÓ°ÏìÅжϣ¨¼´²»²úÉú
ÒâÒåÉϵIJîÒ죩£¬¼´ÎªÍ¬Ò»Òôλ¡££©
3. AllophonesÒôλ±äÌå:Different phones which can represent a phoneme in
different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. ÔÚ²»Í¬µÄÓïÒô»·¾³
ÖпÉÒÔ±íÕ÷ͬһÒôλµÄ²»Í¬ÒòËØ³ÆÎªÄǸöÒôλµÄÒôλ±äÌå¡£
2.3.3 Identification of phonemic contrast, complementary
distribution and minimal pairÒôλ¶ÔÁ¢£¬»¥²¹·Ö²¼ºÍ×îС¶ÔÁ¢Ìå 1.Contrast Òôλ¶ÔÁ¢: Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two
ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
ÓïÒôÏàËÆµÄÒô¿ÉÄÜÒÔÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½Ï໥¹ØÁª£¬Èç¹ûËüÃÇÊÇÁ½¸öÇø±ðÐÔÒô룬ÄÇô¾Ã¿ÉÒÔ˵ËüÃÇÐγÉÁËÒ»¸öÒôλ¶ÔÁ¢¡££¨²»ÄÜÇø±ðÒâÒ壬³ýÁËÒ»¸öµØ·½²»Í¬£¬ÆäËûÏàͬ£©
2. complementary distribution»¥²¹·Ö²¼ £ºTwo allophones of the same
phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. ͬһ¸öÒôλµÄÁ½¸öÒôλ±äÌåÊÇ
³öÓÚ»¥²¹·Ö²¼Ö®Öеġ£