Perhaps more significantly, the death rate per hundred million miles driven has begun to increase over the last three years, reversing a fifty-year downward trend. According to the safety council, the rate ________(increased, decreased, raised, rose) from a record low of 3.33 deaths __________ (per, pro, of , from) hundred million miles in 1978 ___________ (to, from, of, by) 3.40 in 1979 and 3.53 in 1980.

Based on its analysis of highway deaths, the highway safety council says occupants of a subcompact car are 3.4 _________ (times, double, triple) more likely to die than those in a compact if two such cars collide; 6.3 ________(ratio, times, lose) more likely to die in a crash with a midsize car; and 8.2 __________(times, quadruple, rate) more likely to die in a collision with a large car.

Model 4: Direct and Indirect Quotation

Read the following model paragraphs and study how both direct and indirect quotations are used to support the topic sentences.

The Population Time Bomb (continued)

The dangers of overpopulation cannot be overestimated. Dr. David Doom, President of Planned Parenthood, maintains that the world will be uninhabitable by the year 200 unless the rate of growth is reduced. According to Dr. Doom, the world’s food production cannot meet the needs of 7 billion people, so famine is an inevitable consequence of uncontrolled population growth. The World Health Organization agrees with Dr. Doom. It recently published a report noting that famine already exists in many parts of Africa and Asia.

The Crime of the Future

The increased use of computers in business has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in computer crime. Computers are used in ever-increasing numbers to store, process and distribute information. At the same time, thefts by computers are on the rise.

The costs to the victims of computer crime are very high. In his book, Crime by Computer, computer expert Don B. Parker estimated that financial losses to business from computer thefts would exceed $10 billion 1978. Although Parker’s estimate is based on documented cases, no one really knows the extent of computer crime because thefts by computers are almost impossible to discover. “There is just no reliable way to detect computer thefts.” Parker said, “It is not just the money they control “They control data, and data is power.”

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Writing Technique Questions:

1. Does the first paragraph use direct and indirect quotations? How many quotations are used? What reporting phrases are used?

2. How many direct and/or indirect quotations are use din the paragraphs on computer crime? What main idea do they support?

3. What is the purpose of the superscribed numbers? Are they used only for direct quotations?

Practice 18: Punctuating and Writing Direct and Indirect Quotations

Step 1 Add punctuation marks to the following direct quotation. Change the capitalization if necessary.

Step 2 Rewrite them as indirect quotations. Shift the verb tenses if necessary.

The sentences in this practice are all about black holes, which are invisible masses in space larger than giant stars. The discovery of black holes is causing enormous excitement in the fields of astronomy and physics.

1. Dr. John Miller, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said it is the greatest challenge we astrophysicists have ever faced._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 2. He further explained in black holes the long-held laws of nature simply do not apply.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. A black hole is a huge, great, enormous, big nothing explained Miller’s associate, Kathleen Parker. It is an inevitable vacuums cleaner in space she added.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 4. Black holes are created by the death of a very large star she stated.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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5. Sine they cannot be seen, even with the most powerful telescope she continued their existence can only be proven mathematically.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Practice 19: detailed Paragraph Outlining I

A. Complete the outline for the following composition

Public Transportation in San Francisco

San Francisco has one of the worst public transportation systems in the United States. The first problem is that the buses and streetcars are never on schedule. You often have to wait thirty minutes or more for your bus. Frequently, several buses going in the same direction arrive at the same time, and then another one may not come for thirty more minutes. Second, maintenance is very poor. The buses and street cars often break down, causing long delays. City officials admit that there is an average of five such breakdowns every day. Furthermore, the buses and streetcars are in a terrible condition. They are always dirty, the windows are frequently broken, and the seats are torn. The third problem is the poor attitude of many of the drivers. They refuse to give information about transfer points, they drive like mad, and they show little consideration for the comfort and safety of their passengers. recently, a friend of mine was actually injured when the driver of a streetcar closed the doors on his fingers. When you are riding a bus, you feel as if you are being tossed around like a bowl of jell because of the sudden stops and starts. A fourth, and by far the moat serious problem is the increase in crime. A report from the San Francisco police Department shows that thefts and assaults have increased forty-three percent over the three previous months. A few days ago, an old man was killed when he tried to resist a thief. In conclusion, because of all these problems, it is becoming increasingly inconvenient and even dangerous to ride public transportation in San Francisco.

Outline San Francisco has one of the worst public transportation systems in the United States.

A. Schedule problems 1. Long waiting time

2. Simultaneous bus arrivals B. Maintenance problems 1. Breakdowns

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a. Buses and streetcars

b. Average of five breakdowns per day 2. Bad condition of buses and streetcars a.

__________________________________________________________________ b.

__________________________________________________________________ c.

__________________________________________________________________ C.

___________________________________________________________________ 1.________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________ a._______________________________________________________ b._______________________________________________________ D. _________________________________________________________ 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ In conclusion, _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

B. Complete the outline for the following composition

The Confusing English Spelling System

One of the most difficult and confusing aspects of the English language is its spelling system. There is often a discrepancy between the pronunciation of a word and its spelling. One cannot always tell how to spell a word by its pronunciation nor how to pronounce it by its spelling. For example, there are twelve different ways to spell the sound sh in English: shoe, nation, ocean, sure, mission, machine, special, mansion, nauseous, conscious, and anxious. To give an opposite example, the vowel combination ou can be pronounced in at least five different ways, as in the words through, although, thought, tough, and out.

In order to understand the discrepancies in the English system, it is good to know

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