One complete command sequence consist of 2 messages. The first transmission is exactly as described above. The second transmission follows the first one after a delay of 40ms, and basically contains the same information. The only difference is that all bits, except those from the address field, are inverted. This way the receiver can verify if the received message is reliable or not.

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40) Nokia NRC17 Protocol

The Nokia Remote

Control protocol

uses 17

bits to

transmit

the IR commands,

which immediately

explains the name of this protocol.

The protocol was designed for Nokia consumer electronics. It was used during the last few years in which Nokia produced TV sets and VCRs. Also the sister

brands like Finlux and Salora used this protocol.

Nowadays the protocol is mainly used in Nokia satellite receivers and set-top boxes.

Features

8 bit command, 4 bit address and 4 bit sub-code length Bi-phase coding

Carrier frequency of 38kHz Constant bit time of 1ms Battery empty indication possible Manufacturer Nokia CE

Modulation

The protocol uses bi-phase (or so-called NRZ - Non Return to Zero) modulation of a 38kHz IR carrier frequency. All bits are of equal length of 1ms in this protocol, with half of the bit time filled with a burst of the 38kHz carrier and the other half being idle. A logical one is represented by a burst in the first half of the bit time. A logical zero is represented by a burst in the second half of the bit time.

The pulse/pause ratio of the 38kHz carrier frequency is 1/4 which helps to reduce power consumption.

Protocol

The drawing below shows a typical pulse train of an NRC17 message. This example transmits command $5C to address $6 sub-code $1.

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The first pulse is called the pre-pulse, and is made up of a 500a total of 3 bit times.

s burst followed by a 2.5ms pause, giving μ

Then the Start bit is transmitted, which is always a logic \time on the receiver side, because the burst time is exactly half a bit time.

The next 8 bits represent the IR command, which is sent with LSB first. The command is followed by a 4 bit device address. Finally a 4 bit sub-code is transmitted, which can be seen as an extension to the address bits.

A message consists of a 3ms pre-pulse and 17 bits of 1ms each. This adds up to a total of 20ms per message.

Every time a key is pressed on the remote control a start message is transmitted containing a command of $FE and address/sub-code of $FF. The actual message is sent 40ms later, and is repeated every 100ms for as long as the key on the remote control remains down. When the key is released a stop message

will

complete

the

sequence.

The

stop

message

also

uses

the

command

$FE and

address/sub-code $FF.

Every sequence can be treated as one single sequence at the receiver's end because of the start and stop messages. Accidental key bounces are effectively eliminated by this procedure.

The receiver may decide to honour the repeated messages or not. E.g. cursor movements may repeat for as long as the key is pressed. Numerical inputs better don't allow auto repeat.

Low Battery Indication

The NRC17 protocol provides in a way for the remote control to tell the receiver that the battery capacity is getting low. The receiver may display a message on the TV screen informing the user that the remote control's batteries have to be replaced.

The pre-pulse normally is 3ms long. When the battery power is low this pre-pulse will become 4ms long. In practice only the pre-pulse of the start and stop messages are made longer this way.

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41)NEC Protocol

To my knowledge the protocol I describe here was developed by NEC. I've seen very similar protocol descriptions on the internet, and there the protocol is called Japanese Format.

I do admit that I don't know exactly who developed it. What I do know is that it is used in my late VCR produced by Sanyo and was marketed under the name of Fisher. NEC manufactured the remote control IC.

This description was taken from the VCR's service manual. Those were the days, when service manuals were fulled with useful information!

Features

8 bit address and 8 bit command length

Address and command are transmitted twice for reliability Pulse distance modulation Carrier frequency of 38kHz Bit time of 1.125ms or 2.25ms

Modulation

The NEC protocol uses pulse distance encoding of the bits. Each pulse is a 560s long 38kHz carrier burst μ

(about 21 cycles). A logical \1.125ms. The recommended carrier duty-cycle is 1/4 or 1/3.

Protocol

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