Reference translation

1) 这位焦虑的家长上世纪80年代读的本科，那时学生生活的某些本质还是不言自明的，尽管英国当时正经历着一次重大的经济转型。

2) 我曾亲耳听到时任首相托尼?布莱尔（他毕业于牛津大学圣约翰学院）宣称“学得越多，挣得也越多”，说这话时他显然没有挖苦之意。

3) 一旦政治上的争执和愤慨（不管是真义愤还是伪装的）平息下来，我们所有人将不得不冷静思考如何帮助我们的孩子应付他们终将面对的债务。 4) 与最初用来替代助学金的学生贷款一样，贷款付学费、再慢慢偿还的方式，可能将成为年轻人所能获取的最好最实惠的贷款之一。

5) 就在20多年前我们很多人都还得到过父母的经济支持，然而随着这个国家里“夹缝中的中产阶级”日益沦落，极有可能这也要变成稀罕事了。

Writing 1

1) Victoria as a favorite tourist city and a comfortable place to live 2) location and climate, interesting things to do there, lifestyle 3) healthy life, clean and pleasant environment, good standard of living, artistic atmosphere and good taste

2

American Fast Food: Why Is It So Popular in China? I. American fast food is now very popular in China.

A. There are several kinds of popular American fast food restaurants in China.

(McDonald, Kentucky, Pizza Hut, etc.)

B. These fast food restaurants serve different kinds of food. C. The number of American fast food restaurants in China is increasing dramatically.

II. There are several reasons for the popularity of American fast food in China. A. The service is generally good. 1. It is fast. 2. The employees of the restaurants are professional and friendly. 3. It is convenient for people too busy to prepare a meal. 4. The environment is clean and pleasant. B. The food tastes good. 1. It tastes different from typical Chinese food and excites Chinese taste buds. 2. The taste is the same in chain stores, which provides a sense of security and standard. C. The packaging makes the food look appealing. 1. Colorful paper wrappings appear appealing. 2. Plastic utensils are clean and convenient. D. Various promotions attract customers. 1. Discount and special prices help the sales. 2. TV commercials and newspaper advertisements greet regular customers and catch new ones. III. The popularity of American fast food is a result of both the food culture and the lifestyle it represents.

UNIT 3

Listening and Speaking

1.

Being considered a leader in our society is the 1) ultimate compliment. Leadership has become the universal vitamin C pill. It bestows power, commands respect and 2) fostersachievement. Unlike vitamins, though, leadership skills can’t be easily 3) swallowed. They must be carefully cultivated. But which skills do leaders cultivate? Here are some tips: (1) Always give credit. Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes. 4) Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world.

(2) 5) Take informed risks. The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise.

(3) Keep the faith. Successful leaders often say that if you trust others to do well, they will. If you believe your people will fail, they will probably 6) meet your expectations as well.

(4) Get a compass. People don’t follow leaders who 7) lack direction. (5) Act the part. Good leaders have learned to sound and look like winners. They also know that 8) appearance and manners count.

(6) Be competent. The best leaders know that their 9) capacity and proficiency are part of their fascination. 10) Competence stimulates people, and will make them look to you for guidance and direction.

Text A

Reading Comprehension

1.

Ordinary leaders Best leaders Leaders are supposed to Struggle is a natural part of leadership be perfect and struggle is and unlocks the potential for the greatest regarded as a sign of growth. weakness and a source of shame. 1) They lose their 1) They learn to embrace struggle as an art confidence and to be mastered. doubt their abilities. 2) They develop skills, capabilities, and 2) They think practices that help them cope that something is with challenge and adversity. wrong with them. New leaders Best leaders 1) They have 1) They use failure as a wake-up call. They Ordinary leaders no self-regulatory mechanism, no brakes. 2) They repeat the same mistakes over and over. Best leaders seek out the counsel of a mentor and/or turn their attention inward for reflection and introspection. Thus they try a different approach when they encounter the same circumstances the next time. 2) They view leadership as an enriching, deeply human experience. Change plays a prominent role in the leadership struggle, and creates a natural set of tensions which throw the leader off balance. 2.

As one of the most 1) influential leaders of our time, Steve Jobs was a leader who had confronted and 2) navigated through a number of struggles, when he had 3) redefined his life purpose and 4) transformed his leadership energies so as to serve this core purpose. What he had achieved is radically changing our thinking about leadership and 5) innovation. Starting with the case of Steve Jobs, the text presents a new idea about leadership, initiating a fundamentally different premise that struggle and leadership are intertwined. Leadership is often a struggle, yet strong 6) taboos keep us from talking openly and honestly about our difficulties 7) for fear of being 8) perceived to be in lack of strength and confidence. Social mores 9)reinforce the notion that leaders are supposed to be perfect, and that struggle is inherently bad, something to be ashamed of. However, exceptional leaders know that it is struggle that unlocks the 10) potential for the greatest growth. To 11) probe real stories of leaders, the author conducted an extensive research studying 151 struggle examples. He discovered a 12) distinct pattern of leadership struggle, which showed how struggles threw leaders off balance. However, what determined the 13) outcomes of these real-world stories was the effectiveness of leaders in treating the struggles. There was much learning to be 14) gained even in the stories that did not turn out so good, because growth could often be 15) accelerated by failures. Language in Use 4.

A. Noun denial distinction Adjective emergent