1994-2012考研英语翻译真题与解析精华版(1) 南京廖华答案网

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李霄虹考研英语

第一部分英译汉历年真题

Unit 1(1994年)

According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.（71）Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.（72）―In short‖，a leader of the new school contends，―the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.‖

（73）Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo，Newton，Maxwell，Einstein，and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from，craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes，genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo‘s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century，whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.（74）Galileo‘s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story，according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.（75）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

李霄虹考研英语

Unit 2 (1995年)

The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. （74）In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

李霄虹考研英语

Unit 3 (1996年)

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.（72）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers .It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.（73）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting ―good‖ as opposed to ―bad‖ science，but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.

Unit 4 (1997年)

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.（71）Actually，it isnt，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights，to be sure，it necessarily follows that animals have

李霄虹考研英语

none.72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore，animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason，so is the idea that tigers have rights. However，this is only one account，and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance，to infants，the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition，it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says ―I don‘t like this contract?‖

The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.（73）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another，more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

Many deny it.（74）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view，which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，may seem bravely ―logical.‖In fact it is simply shallow: the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others interests against one s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough，for most，to engage sympathy.（75）When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind‘s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

Unit 5 (1998年)

They were by far，the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. （71）But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US

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National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang（the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy）.

（72）The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory，the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic，unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions，emitting radiation as it went，condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years，the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies，stars，plants and eventually，even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures，but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well，the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn‘t have long to wait.（73）Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon. （74）If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on，the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second，propelled by a sort of antigravity.（75）Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

Unit 6 (1999年)

（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending

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process.

（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. （73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.

（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of ―tunnel method，‖frequently fall victim to the ―technicist fallacy.‖ Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.

（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

Unit 7 (2000年)

Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors

李霄虹考研英语

in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

（73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

Unit 8 (2001年)

In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. （71）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of

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smell-television，and digital age will have arrived. According to BT s futurologist，Ian Pearson，these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1000years），when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. （73）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine，including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. ―By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck，‖he says.（74）But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:― It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.‖

Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.

Unit 9 (2002年)

Almost all our major problems involve human behavior，and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior，but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral

李霄虹考研英语

science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important，but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull，it selects，and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood，however，effects once assigned to states of mind，feelings，and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions，and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning ―values‖. Who will use a technology and to what ends?65）Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

Unit 10 (2003年)

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative，possessed of insatiable curiosity.（61）Furthermore，humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live，thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore，it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner，with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

―Anthropology‖ derives from the Green words anthropos ―human‖ and logos

李霄虹考研英语

―the study of‖. By its very name，anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

Anthropology is one of the social sciences.（62）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography，economics，political science，psychology，and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.（63）The emphasis on data gathered firsthand，combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present，makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor‘s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science.（64）Tylor defined culture as―…that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society‖. This insight，so profound in its simplicity，opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor‘s definition is the concept that culture is learned，shared，and patterned behavior.

（65）Thus，the anthropological concept of ―culture‖，like the concept of ―set‖ in mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. Unit 11 (2004年)

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.（61）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologists—linguists，Franz Boas and Edward

李霄虹考研英语

Sapir，were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.

（62）We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from ―exotic‖ language，were not always so grateful.（63）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different，so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War Ⅱto sand secret messages.

Sapir‘s pupil，Benjamin Lee Whorf，continued the study of American Indian languages.（64）Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language，the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.（65）Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later，this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis，but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages，Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

Unit 12 (2005年)

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one‘s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed--- and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multimedia groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell

李霄虹考研英语

and Murdoch come to mind.

Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

(49) Creating a ―European identity‖ that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice --- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say ―Unity we stand, divided we fall‖ and if I had to choose a slogan it would be ―Unity in our diversity.‖ A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

Unit 13 (2006年)

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been

李霄虹考研英语

charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties.--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment .This description even fits the majority eminent scholars .―Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,‖ as Emerson would say ,―is something else.‖

Unit 14 (2007年)

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European university. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist‘s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

李霄虹考研英语

(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.

Unit 15 (2008年)

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but(46) he opines believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations, He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit such as distinguished Huxley.(47) He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the \the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that \as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.\(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was \to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.\ Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too,

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pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: \years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music‖. (50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

Unit 16 (2009年)

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance(48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

Unit 17 (2010年)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these

李霄虹考研英语

creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

When one of these non-economic categories is threatened, and, if we happen to love it .We invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today .We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on ―worthless species. Some species of trees have been rid out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason. To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning without the uneconomic parts.

Unit 18 (2011年)

With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver‖,creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book AS a man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.

46)Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share－that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts －and reveal its erroneous nature .Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter ,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another .However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and 47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone ,in reality we are continually faced with a question :―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ‖

李霄虹考研英语

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thought that do not accord with desire ,Allen concluded:―we do not attract what we want ,but what we are .‖Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement ; you don't ―get‖success but become it .There is no gap between mind and matter.

Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person ,they reveal him .‖48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need ,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This ,however ,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument .Each set of circumstances,however bad ,offers a unique opportunity for growth .If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people ,then humanity would never have progressed. In fact ,49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wronged‖then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Neverthless,as any biographer knows ,a person's early life and its conditions are often the greastest gift to an individual.

The sobering aspect of Allen's book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves .50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us ;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.

Unit 19 (2012年)

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton‘s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.

(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything – a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world‘s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous

李霄虹考研英语

attempts to find universality in language.

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50)Chomsky‘s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.

第二部分考研翻译基础理论

一、考研翻译中英汉语语言特点

1）形合与意合 2）繁复与简短 3）被动与主动 4）抽象与具体二、考研翻译的步骤和方法

四步翻译法：

（1）通读句子，精确理解（2）分析成分，切分句型（3）斟酌词义，恰当表述（4）调整语序，书写汉语

具体实施： 1．通读全句

（1）在准确理解的基础上，按照英语语法结构拆分句子。拆分的原则是语法相对独立，意义上相对完整的语法单位。（2）找出句子的主干结构（主、谓、宾），再找出各种修饰成分，搞清修饰成份之间的关系。

2．词的处理：

在句子关系中理解词语的特定含义，尤其是多义词。

（以上两个步骤是要达到英语理解准确而全面的目的）

3．根据汉语的习惯重新组合句子，以保证汉语表达的通顺和标准，也就是

说在句子中所有语法拆分清楚，所有的词语都没有疑义之后才开始汉语翻译，以符合汉语次序习惯为准则，对各个语法单位重新组合。

4．汉语句子的检查：通读全句，一方面要检查各个句子中的要点、难点，

另一方面要注意句子的翻译的完整性，不可漏译、少译。最后，句子要

李霄虹考研英语

在语境中和文章内容一致，防止整个句子翻译错误、意义扭曲。

三、考研翻译考点译法分析

1、定语从句有两种翻译方法：

1前置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词前面。定语从句结构比较简单，信息负载量不大，并且与先行词的关系比较密切（限定性的定语从句）翻译时，把定语从句放在他所修饰的先行词前面，用―……的‖这样的结构来表达。 2．后置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句结构比较繁杂，信息负载量比较大，与先行词的关系不太密切，翻译时，可以把定语从句放在所修饰的先行词的后面。这样我们通常要重复先行词或代词代替先行词，有时需要加连词。 2、定语：

（1）分词短语做定语（2）不定式做定语。

一般来说，把定语翻译到定语中心词之前，但是因为分词和不定式有明显的动词特征，所以少数情况下，可直接翻译在中心词之后。

（3）介词短语做定语

（4）形容词短语做定语。

从后向前翻译

3、同位语从句的翻译：加―:‖

同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是一句完整的话，不缺少任何成份；定语从句的先行词在句子中充当成份，等于引导词，其先行词的数量很多，而同位语的先行词数量则很少，常用的有 news、fact、conclusion、idea、 suggestion等

4、时态的翻译：增词法

1.所有跟过去相关的时态增加―过去‖ 、―一直‖ 、―已经‖还有―了‖ ； 2.所有跟进行相关的时态常常用―正在‖

3.所有跟将来相关的时态用―将‖、―将要‖、―就要‖ 5、there be句型的翻译：通常用―有‖来翻译

1.用英语原文中的状语作汉语译文的主语，再加―有‖

2.加汉语的泛指主语，如―人们‖ 、 ―大家‖ 、 ―每一个人‖ 、 ―我们‖ 3.直接翻译―有‖ ，翻译成汉语的无主句 6、并列结构：

并列结构是指两个或两个以上的并列成份有明显的连词标记，或标点符号连接，最常见的标记词是and还有其他固定结构or ,but ,both……and ,nether……nor ,not……but ,as well as ,not only……but also……,翻译时，常常重复并列成份，不一定都翻译成和，可以根据意思来灵活翻译。 7、状语、状语结构

一般来说，英语中状语、状语从句照顺序来翻译即可，但状语和状语从句在汉语中位置都比较灵活，有时可根据汉语习惯把原因、时间和条件状语从句提前，放在主句之前翻译；状语还通常翻译在主语之后，动词之前，时间在前，地点在后。

李霄虹考研英语

8、倒装结构：

翻译的要点在于在做好句子结构的分析，恢复其正常句子的顺序之后再进行翻译。

9、插入结构：

1放在前面（若句子联系不紧密）

2按从句的方式翻译 10、被动结构：被动变主动

1．英语中被动句使用极为广泛，尤其是科普类议论文，为了强调客观上的事实，不带主观感情，翻译是一般翻译成主动句，如果主语、宾语的主动关系明显，则采用主宾颠倒的方式把英语主动句的宾语作为汉语被动句的主语，有时被动句缺主语，则可以补上泛指的主语。

2．有时主宾关系不明显，也可以按照英语顺序翻译，一般不用被字结构。但有时可以采用如―由……来，为……所‖等被字结构，仍译成汉语的被字结构。

11、形式主语可以固定翻译，一般翻译到整句话前面。 12、长句猜意

拆分与组合：拆出主干，分清层次六个拆分点：（1）.连词；（2.）引导词；（3.）介词；（4.）分词；（5.）to；（6.）标点

注意不需要断开的地方：不必拆分为孤立、单个的单词。拆分的法则：语法结构；组合的法则：汉语习惯。

第三部分

英译汉历年真题详解

Unit 1 (1994年) 翻译题解：

71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 第二、句子主干结构是：not so much through... as because of...与其……倒不如…… 因为not so much... as是个并列

李霄虹考研英语

结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。第三、词的处理： the insights of great men of genius是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。 more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工

具等更为普通的东西。 they say插入语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。〔参考译文〕他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction. 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)系表结构：the scientific revolution... was largely... 2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments 第三、词的处理： In short 简而言之 the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用 expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围

〔参考译文〕新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。

73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science. 第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句：tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ...主语部分有一个themselves反身代词 as a source of fundamental innovation介词短语做定语第三、词的处理： Over the years 多年来 philosophers of science 科学思想家们〔参考译文〕工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove

李霄虹考研英语

that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 第二、句子主干结构是：1)系表结构Galileo's greatest glory was that... 2)不定式短语作定语结构the first person to turn... 3)动词+宾语从句作目的状语to prove that... 第三、词的处理： turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介词on译成动词)把新发明的望远镜对准天空 rather than 而不是

〔参考译文〕伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force. 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)表示选择意思的从句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends on the issue 2)of which是宾语the issue的定语从句。第三、词的处理： increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入 at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入 the driving force 动力，驱动力量〔参考译文〕政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。

Unit 2 (1995年) 翻译题解：

71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 第二、句子主干结构是：简单句加for引导的原因状语。后面的that引导的是定语从句。第三、词的处理 The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试 divert attention from 原义是把注意力引开，引申为没有注意到lies with在于ill-informed 不甚了解incompetent users(词性转换)使用不当

〔参考译文〕把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语2)depends后面两个介词短语作

李霄虹考研英语

并列宾语upon...and on... 3) the information used是名词+定语4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information 第三、词的处理： be validated by 为……所证实 depends upon 取决于 reliability 可靠性 appropriateness 适应性 interpreted 解释〔参考译文〕这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability. 第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。第三、词的处理： Whether to..., or 是……还是…… both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下 therefore 因此 the evidence from experience 经验依据 concerning 与……有关的 comparative validity 相对效度 such factors as... 诸如……等因素

〔参考译文〕因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为四段：In general, the tests work most effectively / when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是一个排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when... 2)连词when引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。 3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二个从句的主语。第三、词的处理： In general 一般的说 work most effectively 最为有效 be most precisely defined 很精确界定 measured 测定

〔参考译文〕一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 第二、句

李霄虹考研英语

子的结构： 1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell... 2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：... youngster might have been how able 3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up... 第三、词的处理： they 指示代词，测试 compensate for 弥补 gross social inequality 明显的社会不公 and thus 因此 tell 说明 underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的 under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下

〔参考译文〕例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

Unit 3 (1996年) 翻译题解：

71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science / being to some extent self-accelerating. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable consequences of... 2) particular advances后面有多重定语in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 第三、词的处理： are... results of 是……的结果，来自于 social needs 社会需求 to some extent 在一定程度上 self-accelerating 自我加速完整的译文： 71)在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是主句+ when引导的时间状语，when = at that time当时，那时。 2)第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。 3)that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是定语从句中的主语从句 4)cannot generally be foreseen in detail是宾语从句的谓语。第三、词的处理： trend 趋势 came to the conclusion 得出结论 the specific demands 具体要求 make of 向……提出 scientific establishment 科研机构 in detail 详尽〔参考译文〕这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of

李霄虹考研英语

research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible consequence in the future. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是系词+过去分词+被动宾语：This seems mostly effectively done by... 2)research后面是双重定语not related to... but of...由此断定related to意思等于of 第三、词的处理： This (主语代词要译出来)这一问题 done 解决 not related to 与……无关 immediate goals 当前目标 possible consequence 可能的影响〔参考译文〕给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是the world is so... that... 2) some后面有多重定语of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.第三、词的处理： elegant systems (精美的)完美的体系 in principle 一般而言 deal with 解决，处理 aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成课题，问题

〔参考译文〕然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。

75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance. 第二、句子的结构： 1)as well as和，以及，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子谓语 2)as they have in the past方式状语，as就像是……，同……一样 3)giving rise to...表示伴随状语。第三、词的处理： New forms of thought 新的思维方式 new subjects for thought 新的思维对象 arise 出现 giving rise to 给出，产生，带来 new standards of elegance 完美的新标准

〔参考译文〕同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准

Unit 4 (1997年) 翻译题解：

71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。 1)because引导原因状语从句

李霄虹考研英语

2)that引导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构there is an agreed account of human rights, 3)which从句的先行词是human rights，something后面是定语从句the world does not have. 第三、词的处理： Actually 事实上 it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，isn't后面省略的词应该是so或true an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识 human rights 人的权利，人权〔参考译文〕事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that... 2)that引导的是宾语从句 3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。第三、词的处理： argue 论证 a social contract 社会契约 as part of 作为(是)……的一部分 entitlements 利益，权利

〔参考译文〕有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。

73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。 2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。 3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。第三、词的处理： leads ...to extremes 引向极端 at the outset 从一开始 invites you to think 使人们认为 consideration 关切，体谅 humans extend to other humans 人对待人

〔参考译文〕这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语+谓语+宾语从句。Arguing from...现在分词短语作状语。 2) the view和后面的从句that...是同位语关系 3) that...引导宾语从句。第三、词的处理： Arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观

李霄虹考研英语

点 different from... 与……不同 in every relevant respect 在各相关方面 extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人 lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关完整的译文： 74)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句： 1)When...是前一个复合句的时间状语 2)instinct后面的介词短语for moral reasoning in action是它的定语 3)that...是定语从句，修饰先行词an instinct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。第三、词的处理： that (代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应 mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能 in action 起作用 rather than 而不

〔参考译文〕这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

Unit 5 (1998年) 翻译题解：

71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looks intos the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looksintosthe past, / for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago. 第二、句子主干结构是：主句+ for +原因状语从句。 1)主句是强调句it was... that...被强调部分the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientists had been able to look the farthestsintosthe past 2) for...引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were seeing是从句中的主语，that...是名词表语the patterns and structures的定语从句。第三、词的处理： even more important (省略)更为重要的是 the patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形状和结构 15 billion years ago 150亿年前〔参考译文〕但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, / first put forward in the 1920s, / to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 第二、句子的主干结构是一个简单句。 1)整体结构是：The existence... was virtually required for..., to maintain...2)first put forward in the 1920s是过去分词短语作插入语，说明前面的名

李霄虹考研英语

词the Big Bang 3)后面的不定式短语是补语。第三、词的处理： the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云 virtually 事实上，实际上，实质上 the Big Bang 大爆炸理论 first put forward 首创的，开始提出的 in the 1920s 二十年代 to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位 explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙(起源论)的解释

〔参考译文〕巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。

73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments / are closing in on such structures, / and may report their findings soon. 第二、句子主干结构是： 1)主语+并列谓语Astrophysicists...are closing...and may report...2)分词短语working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments是主语的定语。

第三、词的处理： working with 使用，以……为工作手段 ground-based detectors 陆基探测器 the South Pole 南极 balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器 are closing in on 正越来越近 structures 云系 findings 观测结果

〔参考译文〕天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：If the small hot spots look as expected, / that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, / a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是―If引导的条件句，主句‖。 2)look as expected是look as they are expected的省略，意思是―看上去和预想的一样‖。 3)another scientific idea和后面的短语a refinement of the Big Bang是同位语关系。 4)过去分词短语called the inflationary universe theory作定语，修饰the Big Bang. 第三、词的处理： the small hot spots 小热点 refinement 更完美，提炼，改进 the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论)

〔参考译文〕假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in

李霄虹考研英语

elementary-particle physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是倒装的让步状语从句+主句。Odd though it sounds = though it sounds odd 2) consequence前后有多重定语。 3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced为被动结构。 4) that it is true是宾语从句。第三、词的处理： cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说 scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论 in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学 convinced 被说服，相信 for the better part of a decade 七八年来〔参考译文〕宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

Unit 6 (1999年) 翻译题解：

71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as... as结构是比较级，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义。 2)主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。 3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt的定语。第三、词的处理： While 虽然，尽管 definitions 定义，界定 modern practice 现代(补词：史学家的)实践 conforms to 符合于，趋向于认为 attempt 试图，尝试 to recreate 再现，重现(不能说重新创造历史) events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实

〔参考译文〕几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。

72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 第二、句子的结构 1)主干结构是一个简单句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from... 2)并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是…… 3)challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议，internal quarrels后面的介词短语

李霄虹考研英语

among historians themselves作quarrels的定语。第三、词的处理： Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣) arisen 来自于，产生于challenge质疑，挑战 validity 真实性，正确性as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域) internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧〔参考译文〕人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by... 2)过去分词短语designed to...作句子宾语methodologies的定语。第三、词的处理： transfer 转变 augmented 充实，补充 additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用来 interpret 阐释，解释，说明 the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料 in the historical study 在(补译：历史学家)研究历史时

〔参考译文〕在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是存在句There is no agreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。 2) whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主语agreement的同位语。 3) the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语；the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。第三、词的处理： agreement 统一的意见，一致看法 whether...refers to... or to... 是指……还是指…… the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念 the research techniques 研究手段 appropriate to 适用于，合适于 the various branches 各个领域 historical inquiry 历史探究

〔参考译文〕所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

李霄虹考研英语

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 第二、句子的结构 1)主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直译这既适应于……又适应于……引申为这既存在于……又存在于……2) traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate... with...是并列结构，指两种历史学家，各有定语从句修饰。第三、词的处理： It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论 traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派 view history as 把历史看作是 sources 源泉，引申为史料来源 social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派 their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究 equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是 specific techniques 具体方法

〔参考译文〕这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

Unit 7 (2000年) 翻译题解：

71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of... 2)两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。 3)specialized scientists后面的短语such as...是其定语。第三、词的处理： Under modern conditions 在现代条件下 requires 需要 varying measures (程度)不同的措施 centralized control 中央控制，中央调控 and hence 因此，从而 specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家 operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家

〔参考译文〕在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。

72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主语和两个主语从句。 2)两个that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。 3)this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。第三、词的处理：

李霄虹考研英语

Furthermore 再者，另外 it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是 the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力 is directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关 the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率 in turn 反过来 rests upon 有赖于，取决于 scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员

〔参考译文〕再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是：原因状语Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子结构中while是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是\而\。 2)第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语are feeling... and are being... 3)第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。 4)for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。第三、词的处理： owing to 因为，由于 mass-communications 大众通讯 people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人 new wants 新的需求(要求，需要) being exposed to 接触到，感受到 customs and ideas 习俗和思想 introduce 推出，采取，施行 innovations 革新，革新措施 for the reasons given above 由于上述原因

〔参考译文〕由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。

74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是复合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...连词whereas \而\，表示对比。 2)破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。 3)因为是两个对比句，所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization. 第三、词的处理： industrialized countries 工业化国家 the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程 with ...that followed

李霄虹考研英语

随……而来的，以及 far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化 social patterns 社会结构 spread over 持续，延续 nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪 a developing nation 一个发展中国家 undergo 经历 in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间

〔参考译文〕在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。

75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...简单句+ because of表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。 2) because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems 3)名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements 4) themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。第三、词的处理： Additional social stresses 新的(额外的)社会压力 occur 出现，产生 population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸 arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于 mass migration movements 大量人口流动 migration 流动，迁移 modern means of transport 现代交通工具 means 工具，手段，途径

〔参考译文〕由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

Unit 8 (2001年)翻译题解：

71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them / when they offend. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars... 2)两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。 3)定语从句that will disable them修饰的先行词是pollution monitors，最后一个从句when they offend是定语从句中的状语从句。第三、词的处理： television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话节目，重点词hosted 主持 cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车 disable them 使汽车失灵(停止运行)them和they指代汽车 offend 多义词(汽车)污染超标，违规〔参考译文〕届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的

李霄虹考研英语

汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。

72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, / computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, / relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是几个并列的简单句：Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have arrived. 2)dolls带有过去分词短语equipped with personality chips做定语，computers的后置定语是介词短语with inbuilt personalities，personalities等于personality chips，宾语workmates rather than tools是并列结构，表示选择。第三、词的处理： dolls equipped with personality chips 装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃 personality 个性，性格 computers with inbuilt personalities 个性内置的计算机 rather than 而不是 relaxation 休闲、放松、娱乐、消遣 smelltelevision 气味电视机 digital age 数字化时代

〔参考译文〕儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。

73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, / to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates / when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主句是简单句，to produce是结果状语。 2)calendar后面的that...是定语从句。 3)后面的when引导的也是定语从句，不是时间状语，译作的。 4)to take place作前面名词的定语。第三、词的处理： Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译) pieced together 汇集；综合 around the world 世界各地，全世界 produce 编制 a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历 the latest dates 最近日期 key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破〔参考译文〕皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But that, Pearson points out, is only the

李霄虹考研英语

start of man-machine integration: /It will be the beginning of the long process of integration / that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是that..., is only the start of...系表结构 2) beginning后面有多重定语：两个of短语和一个that will ultimately lead to定语从句。 3)Pearson points out插入语，翻译时放在句首。 4)在the long process of integration结构中，integration前省略了定语man-machine，翻译时要补出。 5)lead to a fully electronic human动词和宾语之间意思省略，翻译时要加词。第三、词的处理： that 代词作主语，指代上文前面―的‖ a breakthrough 突破，一定要译出。 the start of man machine integration 人机一体化的开始 lead to 引起出现，导致产生 a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人 before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前

〔参考译文〕皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。

75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：And home appliances will also become so smart / that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout / of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 第二、句子主干结构是：so smart that...如此……以至于(从句)…… 第三、词的处理： home appliances 家用电器 smart 聪明，智能化 result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现 psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调) kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，厨房愤怒，厨房生气

〔参考译文〕家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。

Unit 9 (2002年) 翻译题解：

61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为两段：One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主干结构是表语从句One difficulty is that... 2)almost all of what is called behavioral science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。第三、词的处理：continues to trace behavior to继续针对……研究行为 behavioral science 行为科学 states of mind 心态，意识状态 feelings 感情 traits of character 性格特点

〔参考译文〕难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特

李霄虹考研英语

征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句之所以……，部分是因为……，部分是因为…… 第三、词的处理： the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目) other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式〔参考译文〕行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 第二、句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the selective role of...is only beginning to...每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+介词短语结构。第三、词的处理： in evolution 在演化中 formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证 shaping 形成(造就) maintaining 保持，维护 recognized 认可，承认

〔参考译文〕自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是两个并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to... 2)in which...是practices的定语从句。第三、词的处理： They 它们(自由与尊严)，代词做主语 possessions 所有物 autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的 practices 实践活动 is held responsible for 对……负责 given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定

〔参考译文〕自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

李霄虹考研英语

65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 第二、句子的结构是： 1)主干结构是复合状语从句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with it... 2) and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表达是the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的内容。第三、词的处理： until 如果不，直到 a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段 be rejected 被抛弃；被拒绝；被反对 with it 随之；伴随着它〔参考译文〕(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。

、 Unit 10 (2003年) 翻译题解：

61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为两段：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 第二、句子的结构是： 1) 这是个主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modify... thus subjecting ... 2) the environment in which they live是先行词+定语从句。第三、词的处理： modify the environment in which they live 改变他们的生存环境 subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从…… 考点总结：1）不定式短语做定语；2）介词+定语从句；3）分词短语表示伴随状态。〔参考译文〕而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+ which引导的定语从句+方式状语（in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner）+定语从句。第三、词的处理： Social science 社会科学 intellectual enquiry 知识探究 humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为 reasoned 理性的 orderly 有序的 systematic 系统的 dispassioned 冷静的 natural phenomena 自然现象考点总结：1）定语从句；2）方式状语；3）多重并列定语。

李霄虹考研英语

〔参考译文〕社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, / combined with a cross cultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 第二、句子的结构是： 1）主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis..., combined with..., makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 2）主语后面带有on data gathered first-hand是主语的定语， combined with相当于and的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present是perspective的定语。其中past and present是cultures的定语。第三、词的处理： The emphasis 翻译时词性转换成动词 data gathered first-hand 搜集的第一手资料 combined with 加上，（这个短语不影响主语的数的变化） a cross-cultural perspective 跨文化视角this study 这一研究考点总结：1）带有多重修饰成分的简单句；2）过去分词短语做定语；3）复合宾语结构4）词性转换。〔参考译文〕强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。

64) Tylor defined culture as ―... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.‖ 〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Tylor defined culture as ―... that complex whole / which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits / acquired by man as a member of society.‖ 第二、句子的结构是： 1）主干结构是：Tylor defined culture as ―...that complex whole...‖其中whole是―整体‖的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。 2）which 引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，acquired by man as a member of society是宾语的定语。第三、词的处理： Tylor 人名，按照音译 defined culture as 将文化定义为 that complex whole 一个复合体 belief 信仰 morals 道德 man as a member of society 人作为社会成员考点总结：1）定语从句；2）过去分词短语做定语；3）多重并列宾语。

〔参考译文〕泰勒把文化定义为―一个复合体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。

65) Thus, the anthropological concept of ―culture,‖ like the concept of ―set‖ in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Thus, the anthropological concept of ―culture,‖ like the concept of ―set‖ in mathematics, / is an abstract concept / which makes possible / immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 第二、句子的结构是： 1) 主干结构是：主语+插入语（like the concept of） +系表结构（is an abstract concept） + which 引导的定语从句 2) immense amounts of concrete research and understanding是动词 makes的宾语， possible是

李霄虹考研英语

状语前置。第三、词的处理： the anthropological concept of ―culture,‖ 人类学的―文化‖概念 the concept of ―set‖ in mathematics 数学中―集‖的概念 an abstract concept 抽象概念 immense amounts of concrete research 大量的具体研究考点总结：1）表示比较的插入语；2）定语从句；3）复合宾语；4）状语前置。

〔参考译文〕因此，人类学中―文化‖的概念就像数学中―集‖的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

unit 11 (2004年) 翻译题解：

61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：主句的主、谓结构：The Greeks assumed that 希腊人假定

宾语从句：the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought语言结构与思想的过程之间有某种联系

定语从句：which took root in Europe（这种想法）扎根于欧洲

时间状语从句：long before people realized how diverse language could be早在人们意识到语言会有多么的不同之前第二、词的处理：

assumed 假定；认为；以为

the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程 took root生根；在…扎下了根

long before 早在…之前；―在…之前早就…‖ diverse ―丰富；差异性；多样性；千差万别‖ how diverse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别 could be 可能会是（can 过去式）

〔参考译文〕希腊人认为，语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。这种想法，早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了。 (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个带原因状语从句、定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：

主句的主、谓、宾结构：We are obliged to them 我们感激他们

原因状语从句：because some of these languages have since vanished因为自此这些语言中的一部分消失了

定语从句：as the peoples who spoke them die d out or became assimilated and lost their native languages 因为讲它们的人灭亡了或同化了，并且丧失了自己的语言第二、词的处理： 1）be obliged to感激，感谢某人。极少有人能译对这个词组，多数人根据oblige的常用意思译为―被迫‖，―有义务‖，都不符原文。请注意同样的拼写可能有多种不同的含义。词汇的问题比较复杂，除了拼写、基本含义，还有搭配、用法、多

李霄虹考研英语

重含义等。2）have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了；此处的since 表示 ―从此以后‖之意；since 在这句中是副词，一般人只掌握了其作为连词和介词的用法，而本句since后面只有单词vanished，是谓语的一部分，这难倒了许多人，有的译为―自从消失以后‖，有的则译为―自从他们绝种后‖，都不正确。可见，词汇的学习除了注意词义，还要留心词性。 die out 灭绝，完全的灭亡（cease living completely; become extinct）；不宜译作 ―死亡，消失‖。

〔参考译文〕我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。 (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为：

The …languages were so different from.. that …各种语言是如此的不同，以至于……

结果状语：some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料

定语：The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言介词from 的宾语：the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言

第二、词的处理：accused sb. of sth. (指责／谴责某人作了某事)，fabricating（捏造, 伪造, 虚构），以及The newly described（这些新近被描述的），strikingly different（显著的不同），the well studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）的准确译法。此句难点有三处：

1） strikingly different 差别显著

许多人不理解strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为―严格不同‖，―完全差别‖。 2） so…that (如此…) 以至于

由于so…that间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把that后的从句当作South Asia的定语，译文语义混乱。 3） fabricating 编造

这个词许多人不认识，错译为 ―构造‖，―修饰‖，―弄错‖或―修改‖。〔参考译文〕这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责博格斯和萨丕尔编造了他们的资料。

(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个由现在分词短语引起的带同位语从句的复合句。主句的主、谓、宾结构为：Whorf developed the idea Whorf 逐渐形成了这种见解同位语从句：（the idea）that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 在一个社会里，语言的结构决定习惯思想的结构现在分词短语：Being interested in the relationship of language and thought（他）对语言与思维的关系感兴趣

李霄虹考研英语

第二、词的处理：being interested in …应译作一个句子，即 ―Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣‖， Developed the idea 出错稍多，有译成―发明了一种认识‖，也有译成―发展了一个注意‖，都不恰当，而是―形成观点‖，主要是汉语表达要恰当； habitual thought 应译作 ―习惯(性)思维‖，而不宜译作 ―思考、思想‖。同位语结构可考虑用冒号提示性方法来处理。〔参考译文〕沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种观念：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。

(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句。注意此句是5个试题中最难的一句。一方面是结构复杂，句中有句，一环套一环；另一方面是一些词语不宜直译，如：come to believe 开始相信；都需要按汉语表达习惯在措辞上进行调整，才能翻译出正确的意思。其框架结构分析如下：

主句的主、谓结构：Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism Whorf逐渐相信某种语言决定论定语从句：（带两个并列宾语从句）which, …states that, …and that..这一论点宣称，……而且宣称……

并列宾语从句1：language imprisons the mind in 语言将思想禁锢其中

并列宾语从句2：the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society 语言的语法模式可以对某一社会文化产生深远的影响。

插入成分：in its strongest form以自己最强烈的形式

第二、词的处理：1）a sort of 某种典型的错译是―一系列‖。 2) linguistic determinism语言决定论

linguistic意思是―语言的，语言学的‖，determinism的后缀表示―…论，…主义‖，但许多人没能掌握这一构词知识。

3) in its strongest form其极端说法是;在其最强烈的形式下

很多人没能根据本句的语境理解，而是照字面意思译为―它的最强烈的形式；它的最有力的形式‖，这都不符合要求。 4) imprison the mind禁锢思维

考生出错是由于没找到表达imprison的恰当汉语，译为―关闭思维；囚禁头脑‖。imprison把……关在监狱中，囚禁； 5) far-reaching 深远的; 伸得很远的；

这是个合成词，许多人没掌握，只能根据字面猜测：―远不可及的‖，―远远到达的‖等等，这些都不正确。〔参考译文〕Whorf逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。 Unit 12 (2005年) 翻译题解

(46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created --- and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different

李霄虹考研英语

peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子主干是一个由and连接的两个并列句。―Television is one of the means …and…‖。―by which these feelings are created and conveyed‖是定语从句，修饰先行词means；不定式结构― to connect different peoples and nations‖在句中做状语。

第二、词的处理：means（单复数同）意为―手段‖；served意为―起作用‖。

〔参考译文〕电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。

(47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multimedia groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个多重复合句。句子主干是―….multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups….‖句中第一个which修饰前面的groups；第二个that修饰前面一系列的名词―television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses‖。第二、词的处理：groups在此为一词多义，意为―集团公司‖；in relation to意为―与…有关；涉及…‖。

［参考译文］在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。

(48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个多重复合句，句子主干为―This alone demonstrates that…‖。句中第一个that引导宾语从句；从句中的a fact直至句末为补充说明结构，修饰逗号前面的内容；underlined引导一个分词结构，为后置定语，修饰a fact；that show that...为定语从句，修饰statistics。

第二、词的处理：underline意为―强化，强调‖；took a loss意为―亏损‖。

［参考译文］这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。 (49) Creating a ―European identity‖ that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个复合句，主句的主语是动名词结构Creating a ―European identity‖，谓语有两个is no...和demands...；that引导定语从句修饰identity；which引导定语从句修饰cultures and traditions。

第二、词的处理：European identity指的是欧洲的电视网络加强协调，乃至联合在一起，从而能形成所谓的―欧洲身份‖或―欧洲一体‖；fabric原义为―纺织品‖，引申为―组织；结构‖。

〔参考译文〕不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的―欧洲品牌‖绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。

(50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say ―Unity we stand, divided we fall‖

〔试题精析〕第一、句子主干结构是―it is no exaggeration to say….‖ 其中it是形式主语真正的主语是不定式短语to say ―Unity we stand, divided we fall‖

李霄虹考研英语

―In dealing with a challenge on such a scale‖为介词结构，做全句的状语，其中―on such a scale‖为介词短语作后置定语修饰名词― challenge‖

第二、词的处理： on such a scale意为―如此规模的‖；slogan意为―标语，口号‖。［参考译文］在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：―联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡‖。

Unit13 (2006年) 翻译题解

46. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是复合句，主干结构是―I shall define him as an individual….‖ who引导定语从句，修饰先行词 individual ，其中as his primary duty and pleasure in life 作状语；介词短语in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems是thinking的后置定语. 第二、词的处理：define意为―下定义‖

〔参考译文〕我会把知识分子定义为这样的人：他把用苏格拉底方式思考道德问题作为人生的主要任务和乐趣。

47.His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是多重复合句，主干结构是―His function is analogous to that of a judge…‖, 句中who引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词 judge, 句中―revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning‖ 的正常语序应为―revealing the course of reasoning in a matter as obvious as possible‖ 其中as obvious as possible作状语；― which led him to his decision ‖是reasoning的定语从句。第二、词的处理：analogous意为―类似的‖obligation意为―义务，职责‖ 〔参考译文〕知识分子的作用与法官相似，他必须接受一种义务，那就是在尽可能清楚的事情中揭示导致其做出决定的推理过程。

48.I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charges with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是复合句，主干结构是―I have excluded him….‖ because引导原因状语从句，此从句本身又包含一个while引导的让步状语从句第二、词的处理：excluded意为―把…排除在外‖contribute to意为―促使，有助于‖ 〔参考译文〕我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担任务的只不过是研究道德问题的事实方面。

49. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个由than连接的比较结构，此句前半句主干是―….task is not to think about the moral code…..‖ 其中which governs his activity

李霄虹考研英语

是非限定性定语从句修饰前面的moral code后半句的主干是― a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies…..‖

第二、词的处理：code意为―规范，准则‖exploration意为―探索，探寻‖ 〔参考译文〕但是，普通科学家的主要任务并非思考指导其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力投入到商业行为的探索一样。

50. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子是一个由but连接的并列句，此句前半句主干是―They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries‖后半句的主干是―most of them make little or no independent reflections…..‖ 其中―which involve moral judgment.‖是定语从句修饰 human problems

第二、词的处理：reflections意为―沉思，思考‖

〔参考译文〕知识分子可能很会教书，而且不仅仅是挣工资，但是他们大部分人对涉及道德判断的人类问题很少或者根本不进行独立思考。

Unit14 (2007年) 翻译题解

46．Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子主干是―….legal learning has been viewed ….as ….rather than….‖其中― as the special preserve of lawyers‖ 以及rather than之后的内容都是主语 legal learning的补足语。

第二、词的处理：view意为―看作，视作‖

〔参考译文〕一直以来，在这些大学里，法律知识的学习看作是律师的专属，而不是受教育人士必备知识的一部分。

47． On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子主干是―…..it links these concepts to everyday realities….‖ 句中which 引导定语从句，修饰先行词manner，其中 ―journalists forge on a daily basis‖是 links的定语从句；― as they cover and comment on the news‖是 which引导的定语从句中的状语从句。

第二、词的处理：parallel意为―类似的，相同的‖；forge意为―锻炼，打造‖ 〔参考译文〕另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法时相同的。

48． But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly

李霄虹考研英语

than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 〔试题精析〕第一、句子是复合句，主干是―the idea ….rests on an understanding….‖句中―that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen‖是 the idea的同位语； ― of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media‖是understanding的后置定语。第二、词的处理：profoundly意为―深刻地‖conventions意为―惯例‖

〔参考译文〕但是，记者必须比普通公民更为深刻地理解法律，这种说法是基于对新闻媒体的既定常规和特殊职责的理解。

49． In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子主干是―it is difficult to see….‖句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是―to see how….‖的不定式结构，其中see 后面是how 引导的宾语从句，该从句又包含一个who 引导的定语从句。

第二、词的处理：competent意为―不错的，令人满意的，胜任的‖

〔参考译文〕事实上，我们很难想象，那些对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。

50．While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子主干是―….it is preferable for journalists to….‖句中while引导句子的转折状语从句。

第二、词的处理：enhance意为―增强，加强‖

〔参考译文〕尽管律师的意见和态度可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是应该依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判断。

Unit15 (2008年) 翻译题解

46. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子的主干是―he believes that…‖句中.that从句的主要结构是―this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage…‖ 其中of后面forcing和enabling组成的并列结构都是其宾语，一起修饰advantage.

第二、词的处理：very意为―就是那个‖； advantage意为―优势‖ 〔参考译文〕达尔文认为也许正是这个困难，使他具有别人所不具备的优势，迫使他对每一个句子进行长时间和针对性的思考，同时也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误，

47. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract

李霄虹考研英语

train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子的主干是―He asserted that…‖。句中宾语从句的结构是―his power to… was…‖。其中不定式to引导的部分― follow …of thought做power‖的定语；for which reason所引导的非限制性定语从句中又包含一个that引导的表语从句，整个定语从句指代句子前半部分的内容。

第二、词的处理：asserted意为―声称，断言‖power意为―能力‖ 〔参考译文〕达尔文同时声称，，他的能力在长时间去理解纯抽象的思想上非常有限。有鉴于此，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会有成就。

48. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子考查点是同位语从句，让步状语从句。主干是―he did not accept… the charge made by… that…‖。其中as well founded作为宾语补足语对charge进行修饰，本应置于其后；另外made引导的过去分词短语作定语修饰charge。That引导的从句是charge的同位语，包括一个while引导的让步状语从句。

第二、词的处理：found意为―有根据，建立在…基础之上‖ ； charge意为―指责‖；reasoning意为―推理‖

〔参考译文〕另一方面，达尔文并不接受有些批评家对他的指责：尽管善于观察，但不具备推理能力。

49. He adds humbly that perhaps he was ―superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.‖

〔试题精析〕第一、句子的主干是―he adds …that… ‖句中宾语从句的结构是―he was superior to …in…, and in…‖，其中which引导的是things的定语从句。

第二、词的处理：common run of men意为―普通人‖ ； superior to意为―比….更‖

〔参考译文〕达尔文很谦虚的补充到，他也许比普通人更擅长观察那些很容易被忽略的事情并且能对之加以细心的观察。

50. Darvin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

〔试题精析〕第一、句子的主干是―Darvin was convinced that…‖。其中宾语从句的结构是―the loss of these tastes was not only…, but…be injurious to …, and ….to …‖。

第二、词的处理：injurious意为―损害的，损伤的‖ ；intellect,意为―智力‖ 〔参考译文〕达尔文认为，没有了这些爱好，不仅仅意味着失去快乐，而且可能会损伤智力，更有甚者还可能损害道德品质。

Unit16 (2009年) 翻译题解

李霄虹考研英语

46. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。主句是It may be said，其中it是形式主语，that the measure．．．is its effect是主语从句，其中of the worth of any social institution是名词measure的后置定语，in enlarging and improving experience是介词短语修饰名词effect作后置定语，并列连词 but连接两个主系表结构的句子：the measure．．．is its effect和this effect is not a part，介词短语of its original motive则是修饰名词part作后置定语。

第二、词的处理：measure意为―衡量，评价‖ ；institution意为―制度‖ 〔参考译文〕可以说，要衡量任何社会制度的价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其初始动机的一部分。

47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个由 and连接的两个并列分句。句中两个only都放在句首引起句子倒装，中间用并列连词and连接两个分句，由于汉语表达不一定要使用倒装结构，理解这个句子应该首先将整句话还原成正常结构：the by—product of the institution was only gradually noted, and this effect was considered only more gradually still as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution．第一个分句的主语是the by—product of the institution，was noted被动语态作谓语，only gradually是副词修饰副词共同作谓语动词的状语；第二个分句的主干也是被动句this effect was considered，only more gradually still都修饰谓语动词was considered，介词短语as a directive factor和in the conduct of the institution都在第二分句中作状语。

第二、词的处理：by-product意为―影响‖ ；directive意为―指导的‖ 〔参考译文〕这种制度附带产生的影响只能逐渐地得到认识；而在实行这种制度的过程中，认识到这种效果具有指导作用的过程则更加缓慢。

48. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。while引导状语从句，在这个状语从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition，其中ignore的宾语the effect of our acts upon their disposition被后置，介词短语 in our contact with them作状语被放到了宾语前面。主句it is not so easy as．．．同样是it作形式主语，not so．．．as．．．是同等比较as．．．as．．．结构的否定形式，in dealing with adults则是介词短语作状语。

第二、词的处理：disposition意为―性格‖ ；dealing with意为―与某人交往，打交道‖

〔参考译文〕在我们和年轻人接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。

李霄虹考研英语

49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个多重复合句。Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life是原因状语从句，we cannot help considering是主句的主谓部分，whether or not we are forming the powers是宾语从句，which will secure this ability是定语从句。

第二、词的处理：business意为―任务。职责‖ 〔参考译文〕既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们不能不考虑我们是否正在形成一种力量，这种力量可以确保我们获得这种能力。

50. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.

〔试题精析〕第一、We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education是主句，within the broad educational process是介词短语作状语，which we have been so far considering是修饰educational process的定语从句，that of direct tuition or schooling则是a more formal kind of education的补充说明。

第二、词的处理：tuition意为―指导，教导‖

〔参考译文〕因此，在上述(目前为止已经考虑到的)宽泛的教育过程中，可以使我们区别出一种更正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。

Unit17 (2010年) 翻译题解

46. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。 scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence是主句，同位语从句that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them用来补充说明 ―evidence‖的内容。

第二、词的处理：jump to立即，赶快 to the effect 大意是，意思是

eat up 吃光，吃完，吞噬，耗尽

〔参考译文〕科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。

47. but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, /regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。句子的主体部分是we have drawn near the point，介词短语of admitting that是定语，用来修饰point。that从句是admit的宾语从句，regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us是让步状语。

第二、词的处理：draw near接近，靠近 a matter of …的问题；大约

李霄虹考研英语

intrinsic right 天生的权利，固有的权利

〔参考译文〕但是我们至少已经几乎承认鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。

48. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on ―worthless species‖.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。biologists somewhat overworked the evidence 是主句，that引导的两个并列同位语从句作evidence的补充说明。

第二、词的处理：time was when曾几何时 prey on捕食，掠夺〔参考译文〕曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或它们只是去捕食―没有价值的物种‖。 49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such ,within reason.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。句子的主干是―the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community‖，是一个被动语态。句子开头是一个where引导的定语从句，to be preserved是修饰noncommercial tree species的成分。

第二、词的处理：be recognized as 被公认为 within reason合情合理的

native forest community原始森林群落

〔参考译文〕在欧洲，其林业在生态上更加发达，公益林木被认为是原始森林群落的一部分，同样应该得到合理保护。

50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。句子的主干是―it tends to ignore and to eliminate many elements‖. 后接that引导的两个定语从句表示转折，先行词都是elements，用来修饰the land community。

第二、词的处理：tend to 倾向于，往往 land community生物群落

be essential to对…必不可少的，对…必要的

〔参考译文〕它容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。

Unit18 (2011年) 翻译题解

46. Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share－that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts －and reveal its erroneous nature .

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。主句Allen's contribution was to take an

李霄虹考研英语

assumption是主系表结构，we all share是修饰名词assumption的定语从句，that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts 是名词assumption的同位语从句，其中because引导原因状语从句，and reveal its erroneous nature与 to take an assumption并列作主句表语。

第二、词的处理：assumption 假设 share 认同

〔参考译文〕詹姆斯.艾伦的贡献在于分析了我们所有人都认同的一个假设——因为我们不是机器人，所有我们能够控制自己的思想——并揭示其错误本质。 47. while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone ,in reality we are continually faced with a question :―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ‖

〔试题精析〕第一、这也是一个复合句。while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone 是让步状语从句，in reality是介词短语作状语，we are continually faced with a question 是主谓宾结构的主句，―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ‖是直接引语。

第二、词的处理：illusion 错觉

be faced with 面临

〔参考译文〕尽管我们也许能够仅凭借显意识来维持控制思想的错觉，但事实上我们却一直面临一个问题：“为什么我不能自己完成这件事情或者实现那一目标呢？”

48. This seems a justification for neglect of those in need ,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个简单句。主干This seems a justification for neglect of those in need ,and a rationalization 是主系表结构，for neglect of those 是介词短语作定语修饰名词justification，名词rationalization后面的介词短语of exploitation,of the superiority 也是定语，其中三个代词those后面都分别有介词短语in need 、at the top 、 at the bottom作后置定语。

第二、词的处理：justification 证明，证实 in need 需要中的 rationalization合理的

〔参考译文〕这个论点似乎证明了忽视需要帮助的人是合理的，剥削阶级、上层人优越、底层人卑微的现象也是合理的。

49. circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wronged‖then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .

〔试题精析〕第一、这是一个复合句。circumstances seem to be designed是主系表结构的主句，不定式短语to bring out the best in us 是目的状语，其中介词短语in us 作定语修饰the best，并列连词and后面总体是个并列句，其中if we feel 是条件状语从句，that we have been ―wronged‖是表语从句，then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort 是并列主句，不定式短语 to escape from our situation 也是目的状语。

第二、词的处理：bring out 拿出，取出，激发

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