主要是冗长定理的证明，以及实验中装置的冗长描述及参数或调查问卷等。
致谢
致谢人员包括：1）协助采取样本的人；2）负责某项实验的测试人员；3）被委托从事某项分析的人员；4）指导过本研究工作的实验人员；5）对资助研究工作的学会、国家科学基金会、合同单位，以及其他组织或个人；6）对在撰写论文过程中提出建议和提供帮助的人员；7）对提供过某种信息，但又非论文的共同作者，且不对论文负责的人员。致谢人员分别依贡献大小加以说明，对被感谢人可以冠以专业技术职务（职称）。可专列“致谢”项，也可以在论文首页下加“注”，以简短的词语，对有关单位或个人表示感谢。
<范例>：
Acknowledgements
The present thesis is the fruit of my two- and -half -year postgraduate study under the direction of Professor Guo Haoru, with the valuable assistance and helps from many professors from the Foreign Language Department of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the support and cooperation of the teachers and students from the first Aeronautical College of Air Force, where I had worked. I hereby express my sincere gratitude to these professors, teachers and students.
My first debt of gratitude is to my tutor— Professor Guo Haoru, for his insights, enthusiasm, and support. His continual encouragement and insightful suggestions are the indispensable impetus for me to write this thesis. And I have attempted to incorporate his insights into my thesis. His great patience in reviewing and correcting this thesis after the first draft is deeply appreciated.
I also wish to express my warm appreciation to Prof. GaoYuan, Li Fuyi, Wang Zhenya, Xiao Hui, Xu Guohong, Tang Dexin, Li Baokong and many others from the Foreign Language Department of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics for their help and instruction to me during my graduate time in BUAA, which will be always cherished.
I also want to express my thanks to Prof. Luo Dexi and Mr. Gong Xuezhong and to the students in the First Aeronautical College of Air Force, who took part in the experiment. They assistance and cooperation are indispensable to the success of the present study.
Finally, but by no means least, I want to express thanks to my wife and my daughter. Their ceaseless love and support for me are the source of strength, which makes me keeping forward courageously.
附：致谢中的常用英语句型（叶云屏等，2001：232-233） 。
（1）感谢赞助单位或个人
a) Support for this program/project/study is provided by… b) Funding for this program is provided by…
c) I thank … for giving financial support for this study. e) Additional support is provided by…
f) Research for this paper was partially supported by… g) This research was funded by…
(2) 感谢提供资料的单位或个人
a) Data were supplied/provided by…
b) Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by… c) I thank … for the permission to quote from material protected by copyright.
(3) 感谢提出建议和帮助的个人
a) I thank… for comments on the manuscript.
b) In addition, I am grateful to … for their valuable suggestions, and to … for her patience
and good counsel.
c) For help in the technical assistance, I thank…
d) We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper: … e) In addition, I wish to thank … for his valuable suggestions.
f) For their encouragement, support, and research assistance, I would like to thank the
following individuals who have contributed substantially to the completion of this study/paper/work.
(4) 感谢不知名的审稿人
a. The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerably to the publication of this
paper.
b. In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve
the paper.
(5)感谢其他人
a. I also owe an obligation to …
b. Also I wish to thank … for their many courtesies. c. Thanks is also extended to … who … d. I wish to thank … for his …
参考文献
参考文献作用是为了承认科学的继承性，评估学术水平，节约正文篇幅，供读者查阅。参考文献包括正式出版的书籍、期刊杂志或学术会议文章以及学位论文。参考文献要求作者亲自阅读过，与论文关系密切，有启示或帮助。最好是最新文献，已公开发表，以原文、原著为主，未找到原文者，可引用被公开发行的文摘期刊录用的文献。一般论文引用的参考文献数为10～15条，综述应超过20条，硕士以上论文的参考文献更多。
对于参考文献，国内外出版界都做出了规定，凡在正文中引用的出版物都要编入文末“参考文献”部分；凡在“参考文献”中列出的出版物都要在正文中有所引证。凡列入“参考文献”的都是读者能够查阅到的公开“出版物”（publications）; 除此而外的非正式出版物可以在脚注中加以说明。文章引文必须同行文所述直接相关，不得在参考文献中罗列同正文没有直接相关的作者和文献。
参考文献标注法必须与出版社规则相一致，或与发表文章的期刊的规定相符合，大多数出版社和杂志社都采用标准著录。论文所参考过的文献都要标注来源，并在论文的最后参考文献（References）一部分列出详细内容。参考文献也可以叫引用文献（Literature Cited或Works Cited）。 常用的参考文献的标注法有两种：一种是顺序编码制：按论文正文部分引用文献出现的先后顺序连续编码，将序号置于方括号中，很多大学学报多采用这种方法。第二种方法是“著者－出版年”制：论文正文部分引用的文献在引文后标注“著者”和发表“年份”。引用多个著者的文献时，只需标注第一著者的姓，其后加“et al”字。被引用文献在参考文献
表中，有先英文后中文的顺序排列，也有先中文后英文的顺序排列，一般不加序号，也有加序号的，加不加序号要根据各个杂志的具体要求。以下介绍文献的两种编排法（叶云屏等，2001：233-239）。
一、 顺序编码体系
1）顺序编码体系文中标注方法
这种标注体系按文献出现的先后顺序编号，置于指引部分的右上角（可加方括号）。其
顺序要与正文后的参考文献顺序一致。
<范例1>:
Forecasts of the tracks of hurricanes have improved steadily over the past three decades [1] (p 621-p
622)
, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numerical models. … In contrast to the improvements in track forecasts, there has been comparatively little advance in predictions of intensity, in spite of the sophisticated numerical models [1] (p 630). The best intensity forecasts today are statistically based [2]. Most of the research literature on hurricane intensity focuses on the pre-storm sea surface temperature and certain properties of the atmospheric environment [3]…
注：两处出现编码“[1]”，表示这两处指引部分出处相同，同时应在文中分别标明页码，
详细内容都列在References中的第1项。
References
[1] Landsea, C. W. & Pielke , R. A. Jr. “Normalized Hurricane Damages in the Unite States:
1925-92”. Weather Forcast, 1994, (13): 621-631.
[2] Bosart, L.F. et al. “Environmental Influences on the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Opal
over the Gulf of Mexico”. Preprints of the 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology 983-984 (American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1999).
[3] DeMarea, M. & Kaplan, J. “A Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme for Atlantic
Basin”. Weather Forcast, 1994, (9): 209-220.
2) 文后参考文献基本格式(MLA格式)
文献顺序编码体系多采用MLA格式, 下面介绍MLA 格式文后参考文献的基本格式。 (1) 书籍
作者姓，作者名。书名（斜体）。出版地：出版单位，出版年代。
Breyer, S. Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1995.
(2) 期刊或会议文章
期刊或会议文章与书籍的标注方法有同有异。作者或编者的注法、出版年代等与书籍注法相同。不同的是，期刊文章既要注上文章名，又要注上刊物名，还有刊物的第几期、第几卷、文章登在第几页等。会议文章要注上会议名称。基本格式如下：
作者姓，作者名，标题名（正体，引号）.刊物名称/会议名称（斜体），出版年代，
卷（期）：起至页码。
Tytler, R. “Independent Research Project in School Science”. International Journal of
Science of Science Education, 1992, 14: 293-411.
(3) 收集在书中的文章
收集在文中的文章要结合书籍与期刊文章的标注方法，基本格式如下：
作者姓，作者名. 标题名（正体，引号）.In编者姓名 (ed.) 书名（斜体）.出版地：出版单位，出版年代，起止页码.
Canale, M. “From Communicative Competence to Communicative Performance”. In
Rechards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.) Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 1983, 274-301. （4）报告
基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名.标题名（正体，引号），报告序号.组织名，所在地，年代.
Jones, D. and Evans. D. “Survey of Small Engineering Enterprises in Wales,” Report R72.
Welsh Council for Engineering , Cardiff, 1997.
(5) 学位论文
基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名。标题名（正体，引号），学位论文，学位授予单位，年代。
Yoder, C.O. “The role of Biological Indicators in a Water Quality Management Process”,
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1998.
各类参考文献除了以上基本格式外，还要遵守以下原则：
（1） 如果同一本书有两个作者，则将两个作者用and (&) 连接；如果有三个以上作
者，则在第一作者后加et al.字样，表示“等人”。
（2） 如不是第一版，要注明版本。
（3） 如果参考的是译著，则把译者放在前面，译者后面注上（trans.），接着注上原
作者。
（4） 如果一本书是由主编收集的文章，则在主编后注上（ed.），为editor的缩写；如
果有两个以上编者则注上（eds.）。
（5） 参考的章节或页码，则注在出版单位之后。 现分别举例如下：
Foster, K.R. and Bernstein, D.E. Phantom Tisk: Scientific Inference and the Law. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 1993. (两个作者)
Berry, W. et al. The Hidden Word. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1989. （三个以上作者） Lorenz, Konrad. (trans.) On Aggression. By Marjorie Kerr Wilson. 1996. New York :
Bantam , 1969.（译著）