Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum
f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information ach = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters. am't = amount cont'd = continued gov't = government
educat'l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting
Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.
Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the.
If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.
Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. & = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against \\ = therefore = = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o = degrees H2O = water
More reference:
Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples: + plus // parallel
Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:
eg example
IT dept Information Technology department UK United Kingdom
Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples: mar marketing cus customer cli client
Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples: subj subject budg budget
ind individual
To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples: tech'gy technology gen'ion generalisation del'y delivery
Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associated ach achievement info information
Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples: bkgd background mvmt movement prblm problem
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples: custs customers
fs frequencies /s ratios
Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg checking
estblg establishing
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples: in ，but ，as ，key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples: is ，was ，were
Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples: a ，an ，the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example: January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: @ at
2 to
4 for & and w/ with
w/o without vs against
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects. Other Symbols and Abbreviations as a result of / consequences of <---> resulting in ---> and / also + equal to / same as = following ff most importantly * less than <
greater than > especially esp/
（后面重复的就不打了……英文版的相信各位考口译的有这个能力看明白^_^） 出自：http://tr.hjenglish.com/page/15794/?page=1
口译笔记技巧与符号 英文版
==== Ask yourself ====
1.Did I use complete sentences? They are generally a waste of time. 2.Did I use any form at all? Are my notes clear or confusing? 3.Did I capture main points and all subpoints?
4.Did I streamline using abbreviations and shortcuts?
If you answered no to any of these questions, you may need to develop some new note-taking skills!
==== Guidelines for Note-Taking ====
1.Concentrate on the lecture or on the reading material. 2.Take notes consistently.
3.Take notes selectively. Do NOT try to write down every word. Remember that the average lecturer speaks approximately 125-140 words per minute, and the average note-taker writes at a rate of about 25 words per minute. 4.Translate ideas into your own words.
5.Organize notes into some sort of logical form.
6.Be brief. Write down only the major points and important information. 7.Write legibly. Notes are useless if you cannot read them later! 8.Don't be concerned with spelling and grammar.