Lesson 1

1humans.

．And it is an activity only of And it is a human unique activity2． a point.．Conversation is not for making Conversation is not to convince

others3conversationalists are those who ．In fact, the best

．

are prepared to be lose.

In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are willing to be lose.

4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each otherBar friends are not deeply ’s lives. concerned with each otherprivate lives.

’s 5....it could still go ignorantly on...

The conversation could go on

without anybody knowing who was right or wrong6. ．but we sit down to beef.

There are cattle in the field,

These animals are called cattle in English, when they are alive and feeding in the fieldssit down at the table to eat, we call ；but when we their meat beef in French7. The new ruling class had built a ．

cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own languageThe new ruling class had caused .

the cultural contradictions

between the ruling class and native English by regarding French superior to English.

8.English had come royally into its own.

the KingEnglish had gained recognition by 9used a little pejoratively and even ． The phrase has always been ．

facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase, the kingalways been used disrespectfully ’s English has and made fun by the lower classes. 10. cultural dominance is still there. The rebellion against a

There is still opposition to cultural monopoly.

11. danger that There is always a great into things for us“words will harden We tend to make the mistake that ”

we regard the things as they represent.

12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the KingEnglish slips and slides in ’s conversation.

Even the most educated and

literated people will not always use the formal English in their conversationLesson 2

． 1. The burying--ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. The burying-ground is just a huge

piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth, looking like a deserted construction land.

2.reality founded upon that fact. All colonial empires are in All colonial empires are built by exploiting the local people.

3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. They are born. Then they work hard

without enough food for a few years. Finally they die and are buried in the hills graves without any mark to identify them. 4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at

a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lighting speed. A carpenter sits crossing his legs at

an old-fashioned lathe, making round chair-legs very fast.

5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews.Immediately, Jews rushed out of

their dark hole-like rooms nearby in a frenzy madness.

6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these Jews considers

the cigarette as a somewhat piece of luxury which they can not possibly afford. 7. Still, a white skin is always

fairly conspicuous.However, a white-skinned

European is easy to notice in a fair way. 8. In a tropical landscape one

eye takes in everything except ’s the human being. Against the background of a

tropical landscape, people could notice everything but they cannot see local people. 9. No one would think of running

cheap trips to the Distressed Areas

No one would propose the cheap trips to the slums10．

people the reality of life is an ．...for nine-tenths of the endless, back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.The real life of nine-tenths of the

people is that there is no end to their extremely hard work in order to get a little food from an eroded soil11. She accepted her status as an ．

old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.

She took it for granted that as an old woman she should work like an animal12.People with brown skins are ．

next door to invisible. People who have brown skins are

almost invisible13. Their splendid bodies were ．

hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms... The soldiers wore second

khaki uniforms which covered their —hand beautiful well14. How long before they turn —built bodies． their guns in the other direction? How long will it take for them to attack us?

15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. It is certain that every white man

realized this. Lesson3

1.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe...

And yet the same revolutionary belief which is the aim of our

ancestors is still in dispute around the world.

2. This much we pledge--and more.

This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.

3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. If we are united, there is almost

nothing we can not do through a lot of cooperation.

4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.

But this peaceful revolution which can bring hope in a peaceful way can not fall victims to enemy country.

5. .... Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of pace... The United Nations is our last and

best hope in the era where means of launching war have far

surpassed means of keeping peace. 6. ...to enlarge the area in which its writ may run...

to increase the area where the UNs written documents may be ’effective.

7....before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or

accidental self-destruction...

before the evil atom weapon made possible by science destroy all

human beings in a planned way or by accident.

8...yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankindwar...’s final change that unstable balance of However both trying to weapons and this balance of weapons could prevent human beings from launching their final war.

9. So let us begin anew,

remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness..So let us begin once again to . realize that politeness does not mean weakness.

10. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.

I suggest both sides try to use science to make wonders for

human beings rather than terrors. 11. ...each generation of

Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. There are Americans from every

generation who answer the call of the country to prove their loyalty to the country.

12. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love... Our certain reward is our good conscience and history will judge our deeds, therefore, let us try to be pioneers in building our beloved country. Unit5

1.The slighted mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged...

At the very mention of this postwar period ,middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly. 2.The rejection of Victorian gentility was , in any case ,inevitable .

In any case,an American could not avoid casting aside middle-class respectability and affected refinement.

3.The war acted merely as a

catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure... The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.

4...it was tempted ,in America at least, to escape its

responsibilities and retreat

behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication...

In America at least,the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily. 5.Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit... The young found greater pleasure in drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful,added a sense of adventure.

6...our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.

Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.

7....they fun before the whole thing “wanted to get into the turned belly up.The young wanted to take part in ”

the glorious adventure before the whole ended.

8...they had outgrown towns and families..These young people could no

.

longer adapt themselves to lives in their hometowns or their families. 9..the returning veteran also had to face the sodden,Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles,the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition...

The returning veteran also had to face the stupid cynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cynically as Napoleon did,and to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people.

10.Something in the

tension-ridden youth of America had to (Under all this force and

“give”...

pressure)something in the youth of America,who were already very tense ,had to break down. 11hopeful young writers , their

....it was only natural that minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and gentility, should flock to the “Puritanical” traditional artistic center... It was only natural that hopeful young writers ,whose minds and writings were full of violent anger against war, Babbittry,and

“come in largen numbers to live in Puritanical” gentility,should Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.

12.Each town had its which prided itself on itself on its “fast”set unconventionality...

Each town was proud that it had a group of wild ,reckless people,who lived unconventional lives.

Unit71.

the swallows soaring, the Festiva With a clamor of bells that set l of Summer came to the city Omelas.The loud ringing of the bells, whic

h sent the frightened swallows flying high, marked the beginning of the Festival of Summer in Omelas. 2. ..Their high calls rising like the swallowshe music and singsing.’ crossing flights over tThe shouting of the children could

be heard clearly above the music and singing like the calls of the swallows flying by overhead.

3. ..Exercised their restive horses before the race.

The riders were putting the horses through some exercises because the horses were eager to start and stubbornly resisting the control of the riders.

4. Given a description such as this one tends to make certain assumptions.

After reading the above description the reader is likely to assume certain things.

5. This is the treason of artist: a refusal to admit the banality of evil and the terrible boredom of pain.An artist betrays his trust when he

does not admit that evil is nothing fresh nor novel and pain is very dull and uninteresting.

6. They were nature, intelligent, passionate adults whose lives were not wretched.

They were fully developed and intelligent grown-up people full of intense feelings and they were not miserable people.

7. Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion.

Perhaps it would be best if the reader pictures Omelas to himself as his imagination tells him, assuming his imagination will be equal to the task.

8. The faint insistent sweetness of drooz may perfume the way of the city.

The faint but compelling sweet scent of the drug drooz may fill the streets of the city. 9. Perhaps it was born defective,

or perhaps it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect.

Perhaps the child was mentally retarded because it was born so or perhaps it has become very foolish a

nd stupid because of fear, poor nourishment and neglect.

10. Its habits are too uncouth for it to respond to humane treatment.

The habits of the child are so crude and uncultured that it will show no sign of improvement even if it is treated kindly and tenderly. 11. Their tears at the bitter injustice dry when they begin to perceive the terrible justice of reality, and to accept it.

They shed tears when they see how terribly unjust they have been to the child, but these tearsdry up when they realize how just and fair though terrible reality was.

Unit8

1.....below the noisy arguments , the abuse and the quarrels , there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling...

The English argue and abuse and quarrel with people may hotly each other , but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feelings for each other in their hearts. 2....at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.

What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they regard as lazy and troublesome.

3...there are not many of these men , either on the board or the shop floor...

There are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop,nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of directors.

4.It demands bigness ,and they are suspicious of bigness.

The contemporary world demands that everything should be done on a big scale and the English do not trust bigness.

5.Against this , at least

superficially ,Englishness seems a poor shadowy show...

At least on the surface ,when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass , Englishness seems to put up a rather poor performance. 6....while Englishness is not hostile to change,it is deeply

suspicious of change for changes sake...

’Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changeuseful purposes is very wrong and ’s sake and not other harmful.

7.To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal imbecility.

To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity.

8.I must add that while Englishness can still fight

on ,Admass could be winning. I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility for Admass to win.

9.It must have some moral

capital to draw upon,and soon it may be asking for an overdraft. Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles ,and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot provide.

10that the Admass.They probably believe ,as I do , fraud on all counts.

”Good Life” is a There people probably believe ,as I do,that the by Admass is false and dishonest in “Good Life”promised all respects.

11...he will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does

nothing for a manHe will not even find ’s self-respect. satisfaction in this untidy and

much disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.

12.To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.

These people consider the House of Commons as a place rather far away from them where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matters. 13...heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics.

They were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison. Unit101. It is a complex fate to be an A

merican.

The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand. 2...they were no more at home in Europe than I was.

They were uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.

3...we were both searching for our separate identities.

They were all trying to find their o

wn special individualities.

4. I do not think that could have made this reconciliation here. I don't think I could have accepted in America my Negro status without feeling ashamed.

5...it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here.

It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social intercourse.

6. A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened. er and a good actor are equally prIn Europe a good waitoud of their social status and position. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear of losing their position.

7. I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it. I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.

8. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.

The reconsideration of the significance and importance of many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful, though very valuable.

9. On this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends.

The life of a writer really depends on his accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of his origins. 10. American writers do not have

a fixed society to describe.

American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.

11..d by hidden laws, by unspoken bEvery society is really governeut profound assumptions on the part of the people.

Every irected society is influenced and dmany things deeply felt and

by hidden laws, and by taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.