was referring to _________. one’s course of life 33.

Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He was one of the most important American thinkers during the revolutionary period. He stood as the epitome (缩影) of the Enlightenment(美国启蒙运动) and as the versatile embodiment of rational man of the period. His Poor Richard's Almanac《穷理查年鉴》contains a large number of _______________ about life. It was a particularly influential book in the early American literature. His The Autobiography《自传》: It records the author's rising from poverty or humble beginnings to success. It is an early example of the American dream. It could be seen as the representative work of Franklin. practical sayings 34.

Thomas Paine's greatest contribution to the Enlightenment Movement is his The Age of Reason, a deistic declaration 自然神的宣言 advocating a rationalistic view of religion主张一种理性的宗教观点. His Common Sense 《常识》 is his most famous political pamphlet and is regarded as the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphlets. It had great impact on American Revolution. His _______________: It inspired the residents of colonial lands to resist the British Army. (本书鼓励殖民地人民抵抗英国军队。) His The Rights of Man 《人的权利》supported the French Revolution. The American Crisis 《美国危机》 35.

Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊 (1743-1826) is remembered as the author of _______________ (1776). He is considered a true Enlightenment thinker and one of the founders of the United States.He is the third President of the United States (1801 -1809). The Declaration of Independence 36.

American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were ―______________,‖ devoid of 缺乏自信faith and alienated from the Western civilization疏离西方文明．Lost Generation 37.

American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______. 18th, the Civil War 38.

In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative 创新in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called ―____________________.‖ free verse自由诗体

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39. From 1732 to 1758，Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous ______, an annual collection of proverbs. Poor Richard’s Almanac 本杰明 ·富兰克林:穷理查年鉴

40. Transcendentalists recognized ______as the ―highest power of the soul‖. Intuition直/觉/ 41. Which is regarded as the ―Declaration of Intellectual Independence‖? The American Scholar

42. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick 白鲸is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery终极奥秘of the universe. Ishmael伊希梅尔

43. ______ is called by Hemingway the one from which ―all modern American literature comes.‖ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

44. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire德莱塞的“欲望三部曲includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and_____ . The Stoic 德莱塞(1871～1945)，美国小说家。生于印第安纳州特雷霍特镇。父亲是贫苦的德国移民。他在公立学校接受了早期教育，以后进印第安纳大学学习。一生的大部分时间从事新闻工作。走遍芝加哥、匹兹堡、纽约等大城市，广泛深入地观察了解社会，为日后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。第一部小说为《嘉莉妹\\妹》(1900)，通过农村姑娘嘉莉到芝加哥谋生而成为名演员的故事，揭露了资本主义社会繁荣外衣掩盖下的生存斗争，对美国贫富对立的社会作了深刻的描写。这部小说因被指控―有破坏性‖而长期禁止发行，但一些散发出去的赠阅本却引起了许多重要作家的注意。1911年，《珍妮姑娘》问世，接着又发表了《欲望三部曲》的前两部《金融家》(1912)和《巨人》(1914) ,《斯多噶》(1947), 奠定了德莱塞在美国文学界的地位。《天才 》(1915)是德莱塞自己最满意的一部长篇小说。它通过一青年画家的堕落控诉了资本主义社会对艺术的摧残。以真实的犯罪案件为题材的《美国的悲剧》(1925)是德莱塞的代表作。他的艺术特色——广阔的社会画面，丰富曲折的情节，深入细致的心理描述，不同情景的对比手法及独具个性的语言——统统体现在这部杰作中。1944年，德莱塞被美国文学艺术学会授予荣誉奖。《堡垒》(1946)和《斯多噶》两部长篇小说是在作家死后出版的。这两本书都反映了德莱塞晚年对宗教哲学的兴趣。1945年，他加入美国共产党。同年12月28日逝世。

45. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was the head of the __________________.

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Transcendentalist movement 46.

Emerson was a liberator from old _____________ and a leader in experimentation and self-reliance. Conventions 47.

Emerson believed in the limitless____________ and dignity of man and pointed out that\ 48.

One of Emerson’s most important works is Nature, which was regarded as ―the manifesto of American ____________‖. Transcendentalism 49. 50.

Emerson firmly believed in the transcendence of ____________. ―over-soul‖ Emerson regarded nature as the purest, the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a___________ of spiritual and immanent God in nature. direct intuition 51.

Emerson held that everyone should understand that he makes himself making the world, and he makes the world by___________. making himself 52.

Emerson held asserts that each individual is a manifestation of creation and as such holds the key to unlocking the___________________. mysteries of the universe 53.

In 1862, President Lincoln exclaimed: ―So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!‖ Who is this woman referred to? ______. Mrs. Stowe 54.

Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by____________. highly refined language 55.

―I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.‖Who could have written these lines? _____________.Walt Whitman 我\\/赞\\美\\/我\\/自\\己\\/, 歌唱\\我\\/自\\己\\/, 我\\/承/担的\\你\\/也\\/将承/担, 因为属\\/于/我的每\\/一个原/子\\/也\\/同/样\\属\\/于/你\\/. 惠\\特\\曼\\《草\\/叶\\集/》《自\\己\\/之歌》本诗1855年出版的《草叶集》Leaves of Grass中首次发表时没有诗题.后来用Poem of Walt Whitman,an American(1856),Walt Whitman(1860),等不同名陆续发表,最后才用Song of Myself的,诗中表明了两信仰：普遍性信仰；人类个别性和平等性. 56.

In__________________, Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he is

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doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference. ―The Road Not Taken‖ 57.

The short story ―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖ is taken from Irving’s work named ______________. The Sketch Book《见\\闻/札zha/记\\》）[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.1819-1820]）——其中收录 《睡谷的传说》（The legend of the Sleepy Hollow）和《瑞普．凡．温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）等名篇 （《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统） 58.

With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, ______became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century．Realism 59.

Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ____ language. vernacular 白话的、方言的 60.

According to Hawthorne, the scarlet Letter ―A‖ which originally stands for ―_____‖, finally obtains the meaning of ―able‖ or ―angel‖ through Hester’s efforts. adultery 通奸 61.

Shortly after his graduation from Harvard, Thoreau established a close friendship with the Transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, who became his literary mentor. And Thoreau’s friendship with Emerson led to his involvement with the ______________ Club. Transcendentalist 62.

Henry David Thoreau’s Transcendental philosophy and his scientific knowledge contributed to his love of ___________. nature 63.

In 1845, Thoreau built himself a cabin in the woods by ___________and lived there alone for two years. He raised his own food and spent very little money, devoting most of his time to study and reflection. Later he wrote a famous book Walden to illustrate his philosophy and observations of life. Walden Pond 64.

Walden is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by Henry David Thoreau, a famous American writer. Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's living in a cabin near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau lived at Walden for two years, two months, and two days with expressed seasonal divisions.

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