A. is appeared to be B. are appeared to be C. appears to be D. appear to be

5. He used to get to up at six in the morning, _______? (2003) A. used he B. did he C. didn’t he D. should be 6. Tom get very angry when he realized he _______. (2003) A. was being made fun of B. is made fun of C. had made fun of D. has been made fun of 7. In case he ______, please tell me. (2004)

A. has come B. will come C. comes D. would come

8. A new analysis indicates that the output of cotton _____ by 20% by now. (2004) A. will have gone up B. would go up C. will go up D. has gone up

9. His wife as well as he _____ invited to the business party. (2004) A. has been B. have been C. has D. are

10. Only when we came back home, ______ that my watch was missing. (2004) A. did I find B. I found C. I had found D. Had I found

11. By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in Europe for two weeks. (2005) A. shall stay B. will have stayed C. have stayed D. have been staying 12. The children are required not to leave the building unless ______ to do so. (2005) A. being told B. they will be told C. be told D. told

13. He bought a new mobile phone last Sunday, because his old one _____. (2005) A. has stolen B. had been stolen C. was stolen D. stolen 14. The accident _____ when the car turned around the corner. (2005) A. was occurred B. occurred C. was occurred D. occurred

15. John and I _____ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at Christmas party. But we _____ each other a

couple of times before that. (2008)

A. had been;have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen 16. You never told us his phone number, ______? (2008)

A. hadn’t you B. didn’t you C. had you D. did you

正确答案为： DDCDC ACDAA BDBDDD 第二节：主谓一致 一. 主谓一致语法点

1. 主谓一致是指两个语法成分，即主语和谓语，之间的协调关系。在英语中，主谓一致主要是指用作主语的名词或代词和用作谓语的动词

在人数，数，性，格等方面的一致。通常遵循三个原则，即就近原则，概念/意义原则，语法原则。

（1） 就近原则。谓语动词的单，复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语（主要是指名词或代词）的单，复数形式，这种一致关系所依据的原则

叫做“就近原则”。

A. 在“名（代）词 + or + 名（代）词”结构后的动词一般应与or 后的名（代）词一致。

He or his brothers were to blame. 应该怪他或他的兄弟们。

You or Mary is going to meet them at the station this afternoon. 今天下午你或玛丽将到车站接他们。 B “either + 名词（代词） + or + 名词（代词）”结构后的动词一般应与or 后的 名词一致。 Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy. 这些衬衣，或者这件毛衣，买了是会合算的。 C “not only + 名词（代词） + but(also) + 名词（代词）”结构后的动词一般应与but(also)后的名词一致。

Not only the only students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片，他们的老师也在

欣赏这部影片。

D “neither + 名词（代词） + nor + 名词（代词）”结构后的动词一般应与nor 后的名词一致。Neither you nor your brother is in fault. 你和你的兄弟都没错。 （2） 概念/意义 原则。

主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单，复数形式，而是取决于主语的单，复数意义。有时主语在语法形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，随后的动词便用复数；反之，主语在语法形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为单数，随后的动词也用单数。这种一致关系叫做概念/意义原则。

A. 单形名词与动词的一致。 单形名词用作主语时，从语法意义上讲，一般需用单形动词。但有时作主语的单形名词后也可以用复形动词，因为它们在意念上是一致的。 有些单形集体名词即所谓的“群体名词”，如police, cattle, people, youth, army, class, committee, company, crowd, couple, group, government, party, team, public, family, audience, staff等，形式上为单数，意义上为复数。谓语动词则要求用复数动词。The majority of the Chinese people settling in Britain now are from Hongkong. 如今在英国定居的中国人大多数来自香港。“many a + 单形名词”结构要求用单数名词，这种结构多用于正式文体。Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 许多男孩子在学会阅读之前就学会了游泳。More than one + 单形名词。结构上虽有复数概念，习惯上多要求用单数动词。More than one person is involved in this case. 不止一个人被卷进了此事。 “a + 单数名词 + or two ”作主语，谓语用单数，但“one or two + 复数”做主语，谓语用复数。A day or two has passed. 一两天过去了。

B． 复形名词与动词的一致。 有一些名词虽是复形，但表示零概念或单数概念，故应用单形动词，如： What’s the news? 有什么新闻？ Our headquarters is not far from here. 我们的总部离这里不远。 另外，表时间，距离，钱额等复形名词表示零概念时，也用单形动词。 Ten years is a moment in history. 10年在历史上只是一瞬间。Ten pounds was missing from the till. 钱柜里的钱丢了10磅。若主语为“表示部分的名词 + of + 名词”结构作主语时与其后的动词一致，往往是由其后的名词形式及其整体结构所表达的意义而定。如“a pair (suit) of + 复形名词”结构多用于单形动词，以与整个的pair(suit)一致。 A pair of gloves is a nice present. 一双手套是很好的礼物。

（3）语法原则。 主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在“数”的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单，复数形

式上的一致。 如果名词中心词是复数，动词就该用复数形式；如果名词中心词不是复数，而是单数名词或不可数名词，动词便用单数形式。这种一致关系叫做“语法原则”。如： Few students are really lazy. 真正懒惰的学生极少。 Many people want to go. 很多人想去。 二：真题聚焦

1.The first three of the five chapters in the book _______ very easy, but the rest ______ difficult. （2002）

A． is，are B. are , is C. was, were D. were, were

2. Tom is one of those students who _____ friendly; however, it is very hard to get along with him. (2004) A. is appeared to be B. are appeared to be

C. appears to be D. appear to be

3. His wife as well as he _____ invited to the business party. （2005） A． has been B. have been C. has D. are

4. The teacher, together with the students, ______ to go to the park this weekend. (2005) A. are decided B. have decided C. has decided D. were decided

5. Since 1966, probably one –quarter of the people in the world _____ listened to or watched the World Cup. （2005） A． has B. is C. have D. are

6. Many gases, including the nitrogen and oxygen in air, ______ color or ordor. (2005) A. have no B. which have no C. not having D. having no

7. John as well as Jack ______ just been back from an important meeting. (2005) A. have B. has C. are D. is

8. Everyone is working harder, and living a happier life now, ________ ? (2005) A. isn’t one B. aren’t we C. isn’t it D. aren’t they 9. Every means _______ but without much result. (2007) A. have been tried B. has been tried C. have tried D. has tried 10. Neither Mary nor her sister _____ to the party. (2007)

A. go B. are going C. have gone D. is going 11. More than one person ______ been infected with the disease. (2007) A. has B. have C. having D. to hav e

12. The Board of Directors ______ shaking ______ at the Chairman’s speech. I think____ of what he is saying. (2007) A. are ?their heads?they disapprove B. is ?its heads?it disapproves C. are? their heads?it disapproves D. is ?its head?they disapprove

13. There ____ some mistakes in your composition. (2008)

A. have B. has C. seems to be D. seem to be

14. Tom isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third time he has been late, _______? (2008专业) A. wasn’t it B. hasn’t it C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it 答案依次为ADACC ABDBD AADC 第二节

虚拟语气

一. 虚拟语气语法点

虚拟语气是通过动词的一类特殊形式来表达说话者的不同的交际目的。它是英语学习中常用而又较难掌握的一个语言项目。虚拟语气的主要用法如下：

1. 虚拟语气在含有非真实条件从句的复合句中的用法

（1） 与现在事实相反的假设。构成：由IF引导的条件句的谓语动词形式：动词过去式或were.主句的谓语动词形式：would + 动词原形。

If you saw him now, you wouldn’t recognize him. 如果你现在看见他，你会认不出他来了。If the manager were here, he might make a decision. 要是经理在这儿，他也许会做出决定。

（2） 与过去事实相反的假设。构成：if 引导的条件句的谓语形式：had + 过去分词。主句的谓语形式：would + have + 过去分词。 If

I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。If she hadn’t taken your advice, she would have made a bad mistake. 她要是听了你的劝告，就要犯大错误了。

（3） 与将来事实相反的假设。构成：if 引导的条件句的谓语形式：should 或 were to + 动词原形。主句的谓语形式：would + 动词原

形。 If he were here this evening, we would play cards. 如果他今晚在这里的话，我们就玩牌。

2. 虚拟语气在由介词短语所表示的假设条件下的用法。有时不用if引导的条件从句，而用介词短语表示违背事实的假设条件，这时剧中的

谓语动词仍用虚拟语气形式。Without air, there would be no wind or clouds. 没有空气就不会有风，也不会有云。Under such circumstances I would probabely have done the same. 在这种情况下，我也可能做出同样的事情来。

3. 虚拟语气在不含连续词if 的省略句中的用法。 在if 引导的条件句中有were,had ,should, could 时，可以省略if,而把were, had,

should, could 放在句首，用倒装句结构。Were they to get married they would be happy. 要是他们结婚的话，他们会幸福的。 Had she not been ill, she might have come. 要不是生病，她会来的。 4. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法 （1） 主语从句。

在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式（谓语用动词原形或shouod + 动词原形）：It is necessary / important /essential that; It is ordered / commended / proposed / suggested that ?等。It is desired that we (should) get everything ready before Friday. 要求一切在星期五前准备好。 （2） 宾语从句。

在下列动词后面宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气（谓语用动词原形或should + 动词原形）： suggest (建议)， insist(坚持)，recommend (推荐)，order (命令)，propose (提议)，require(要求)，advise (劝告)，request (请求)，desire (渴求)， command(命令)，demand(要求) 等。 She insisted that the seats(should) be looked in advance. 她坚持要预定这个座位。

1. 表语从句和同位语从句。 在下列名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式（谓语用动词原形或should + 动

词原形）：advice, demand, order, necessity, desire, decision, pray, preference, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea,