高级英语（二） 教与学指南

Practice Tests

for

Advanced English(2)

主编 张华鸿

第五、六册

本书的主要特点： 1． 2．

前言

编写本书的目的：

目前英语专业三年级所使用的由上海外国语大学李观仪教授主编的〈新编英语教程〉

紧扣精读课文编写练习，实用性、针对性强。

对于同义词辨析的练习配以详尽的解释和相应的例句，旨在帮助学生真正弄懂

并掌握这些词的用法。

3． 设计了旨在提高学生语言运用熟练程度的系列练习，分别为：

一、 英语释义 二、 英语句型转换 三、 汉译英 四、 完形填空 五、 成段改错 4． 练习均配有参考答案。

本书由张华鸿主编。高华老师负责编写同义词辨析部分；郑艳丽老师负责编写句型转换部分；张华鸿老师负责编写英语释义、汉译英、完形填空和成段改错四部分，以及全书的编排、设计、整合与审编定稿等工作。

本书承华南师范大学外国语言文化学院领导的大力支持，以及英语系高年级教研室全体同仁的热心帮助，编者在此表示衷心的感谢。

编 者

2003年1月

于华南师范大学外文学院

1

Contents

Unit One: VESUVIUS ERUPTS

Unit Two: THE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF Unit Three: WALLS AND BARRIERS

Unit Four: THE LADY， OR THE TIGER？ Unit Five: THE LADY， OR THE TIGER？ Unit Six: DULL WORK Unit Seven: BEAUTY

Unit Eight: APPETITE

Unit Nine: A RED LIGHT FOR SCOFFLAWS

Unit Ten: STRAIGHT-A ILLITERACY

Unit Eleven: ON CONSIGNING MANUSCRIPTS TO FLOPPY DISCS AND ARCHIVES TO OBLIVION Unit Twelve: GRANT AND LEE Unit Thirteen: EUPHEMISM

Unit Fourteen: THAT ASTOUNDING CREATOR---NATURE

Unit Fifteen: TEACHING AS MOUNTAINEERING 2

3 16 28 40 53 65 74 84 98 114 131 147 163 175 191

TEXT I

Unit One

VESUVIUS ERUPTS

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

So the letter which you asked me to write on my uncle?s death has made you eager to hear about the terrors and also the hazards I had to face 1when left at Misenum, for I 2broke off at the beginning of this part of my story.

I took a bath, dined, and then dozed 3fitfully for a while. For several days past there had been earth 4tremors which were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania: but that night the shocks were so violent that everything fell as if it were not only shaken but overturned.

I don?t know whether I should call this courage or 5folly on my part (I was only seventeen at the time) but I 6called for a volume of Livy and went on reading as if I had nothing else to do.

Up came a friend of my uncle?s who had just come from Spain to join him. When he saw us sitting there and me actually reading, he scolded us both —me for my 7foolhardiness and my mother for allowing it.

By now it was dawn [25 August in the year 79], but the light was still dim and 8faint. The buildings round us were already 9tottering, and the open space we were in was too small for us not to be in real and 10imminent danger if the house collapsed. This finally 11

decided us to leave the town. We were followed by a panic- stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else?s decision 12in preference to their own (a point in which fear looks like 13prudence), who 14hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.

We also saw the sea sucked away and apparently forced back by the earthquake: at any rate it receded from the shore so that 15quantities of sea creatures were left 16stranded on dry sand. On the landward side a fearful black cloud was 17rent by forked and quivering bursts of flame, and parted to reveal great tongues of fire, like flashes of lightning magnified in size.

At this point my uncle?s friend from Spain 18spoke up still more urgently: “If your brother, if your uncle is still alive, he will want you both to be saved; if he is dead, he would want you to survive him so why put off your escape?”

Soon afterwards the cloud sank down to earth and covered the sea; it had already 19

blotted out Capri and hidden the promontory of Misenum from sight. Then my mother 20

implored, entreated, and commanded me to escape as best I could I looked round: a dense black cloud was coming up behind us, spreading over the earth like a flood. “Let us leave the road while we can still see,” I said, “or we shall be knocked down and 21trampled underfoot in the dark by the crowd behind.”

You could hear the shrieks of women, the 22wailing of infants, and the shouting of men; some were calling their parents, others their children or their wives, trying to recognize them by their voices. People 23bewailed their own fate or that of their relatives, and there were some who 24prayed for death in their terror of dying. Many 25besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined there were no gods left, and that the universe was plunged into eternal darkness forevermore. There were people, too, who 26added to the real perils by From:

1

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

inventing 27fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them. A 28

gleam of light returned, but we took this to be a warning of the approaching flames rather than daylight.

I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear 29escaped me in these perils, 30had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.

We returned to Misenum where we 31attended to our physical needs as best we could, and then spent an anxious night alternating between hope and fear.

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. We were followed by a panic-stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else?s decision in preference to their own, who hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.

Panic-stricken, the mob of people close behind us ___________ _ 2. We replied that we would not think of considering our own safety as long as we were uncertain of his.

Unless we were ___________________________________ 3. There were people, too, who added to the real perils by inventing fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them.

By reporting that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, _______ 4. I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils, had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.

Because I derived some poor consolation_____________________ 5. Several hysterical individuals made their own and other people?s calamities seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful predictions.

Compared with several individuals? frightful predictions, the calamities____________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 还未等我们坐下来喘息，夜幕已经降临，这黑暗使你觉得不是在无月色或多云的夜晚，而像是在灯火熄灭的紧闭的房间里。你到处都可以听到女人惊慌的尖叫，幼童的嚎啕，以及男人不安的叫喊。人们有的呼喊它们的父母，有的呼喊他们的妻儿，试图通过声音来辨认出自己的亲人；有的人悲叹自己和亲人的厄运，有的则在面临死亡的恐惧中祈求死神给他以解脱。许多人企盼神灵的帮助，但更多的人则认为这世界根本不存在神灵——宇宙再次陷入了永恒的黑暗之中。

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

2. 一远离了建筑物，我们就停了下来。在那里，我们遇到了一些不寻常的事情，令我们恐慌不已。我们叫来的几辆马车还未被带出来就开始四处乱窜，尽管地面平坦，又用石块楔，马车还是停不下来。我们还看到地震使海水猛然退下去，然后又明显地涌回来，总之海水从岸上退下去导致了大量的海洋生物搁浅在干沙上，白白等死。在朝着陆地的方向，一片黑压压的乌云被颤动着的烈焰撕开，露出几条巨大的火舌，看上去就像几道放大了的闪电。

3. 到处笼罩着一片恐惧的气氛，因为余震尚未停止，而且有些情绪失控的人在散布一些可怕的预言，与他们的预言相比，她们自己的灾难和其他人的灾难显得非常荒唐可笑。但即使是在那时，尽管我们已经经历过那些危险的遭遇，尚且还有可能再次经历这些危险，母亲和我在知道舅舅的下落之前仍不打算离开。

4. 最后，黑暗消散成为烟云，接着迎来了真正的阳光，太阳真的出来的，但它周围的圆晕使它显得像是在发生日食。看到所有的东西都变了样，被深深地埋在废墟和火山灰里，我们吓了一跳。我们返回迈斯林，尽力去满足自己的生理需求，然后怀着希望和恐慌的心情度过了一个焦虑的夜晚。5. 现在已是破晓时分（公元78年8月25日），天色依然昏暗。我们周围的建筑物已经摇摇欲坠，我们所在的空地太小了，所以万一房子倒塌的话，我们就会遭受没顶之灾。这促使我们终于决定离开这个小镇。我们后面跟着一大群惊慌失措的难民，他们完全没了自己的主意，只好随波逐流。（在这种情况下恐惧貌似谨慎）这一大群密密麻麻的人拼命往前挤，我们只好加快步伐逃生。

IV. Cloze

Complete each of the words with initial letters given in the following:

By now it was dawn [25 August in the year 79], but the light was still dim and faint. The buildings (1)r us were already tottering, and the open (2)s we were in was too small for us (3)n to be in real and imminent (4)d if the house collapsed. This (5)f decided us to leave the town. We were (6)f by a panic- stricken mob of people wanting to (7)a on someone else?s decision in (8)p to their own (a point in (9)w fear looks like prudence), who hurried us on our way by (10)p hard behind in a dense crowd.

Once beyond the buildings we stopped, and there we had some extraordinary experiences (11)w thoroughly alarmed us. The carriages we had ordered to be brought out began to run in (12)d directions though the (13)g was quite level, and would not remain stationary even when wedged (14)w stones. We also saw the sea sucked (15)a and apparently forced back by the earthquake: at any rate it receded (16)f the shore so that quantities of sea (17)c were left stranded on dry sand. On the landward side a (18)f black cloud was rent by forked and quivering (19)b of flame, and parted to reveal (20)g tongues of fire, like flashes of lightning magnified in size.

V. Proofreading

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the

From:

3

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

blank provided at the end of the line.

For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and

write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.

For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “\\” and put the

word in the blank provided at the end of the line.

For a correct line, place a tick “√” in the blank provided at the end of the line. We had scarcely sat down to rest when darkness fell, not the dark of a moonless or cloudy night, but as if the lamp had 1.been put out in a close room. You could hear the shrieks of 1. 2.women, the wailing of infants, the shouting of men; some 2. 3.were calling for their parents, others their children or their 3. 4.wives, tried to recognize them by their voices. People 4. 5.bewailed for their own fate or that of their relatives, and 5. 6.there were some who prayed for death in their terror of 6. 7.dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more 7. 8.imagined that there were no gods left, and that the universe 8. 9.was plunged into an eternal darkness forevermore. There 9. 10.were people, too, who added the real perils by inventing 10. fictitious dangers. At last the darkness thinned and dispersed into 1.smoke or cloud; then there was a genuine daylight, and 1. 2.the sun actually shone out, but yellowish as it was during 2. 3.an eclipse. We were terrified to see everything change, 3. 4.buried deep in ashes like snowdrifts. We returned to 4. 5.Misenum where we attended our physical needs as best 5. 6.we could, and then spent an eager night alternating 6. 7.between hope and fear. Fear predominated, for the 7. 8.earthquakes yet went on, and several hysterical 8. 9.individuals made their own and other people?s calamities 9. seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful 10.predictions. But even then, in spite the dangers we had 10. been through and were still expecting, my mother and I had still no intention of leaving until we had news of my uncle. Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The major land masses and the ocean basins are today much as they have been

From:

4

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

throughout the greater part of geologic time.

The major land masses and the ocean basins have not______________________ _ 2. With few exceptions, islands are the results of the violent, explosive, earth-shaking eruptions of submarine volcanoes, working perhaps for millions of years to achieve their end.

Almost all islands result_____________________________________________ __ 3. It is one of the paradoxes in the ways of earth and sea that a process seemingly so destructive, so catastrophic in nature, can result in an act of creation.

An act of creation can result from such____________________________________ 4. Whether the destruction of an island comes quickly or only after long ages of geological time may also depend on external forces.

An island may be destroyed quickly or only after long ages of geological time, _______ 5. The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by prolonged and violent travail.

It takes prolonged and violent travail______________________________________

References to the exercises

Text I

I. Paraphrase

1. the hazards I had to face when left at Misenum: when I was left 2. I broke off at the beginning of this part of my story: stopped 3. I…dozed fitfully for a while: restlessly 4. there had been earth tremors: shaking moments of the ground 5. whether I should call this courage or folly: foolishness 6. I called for a volume of Livy: collected 7. he scolded…me for my foolhardiness: taking useless risk 8. the light was still dim and faint: lacking brightness 9. The buildings round us were already tottering: moving in an unsteady way from side to side as if about to fall

10.to be in real and imminent danger: approaching 11.They finally decided us to leave the town: caused us to make a choice 12.to act on someone else's decision in preference to their own: rather than 13.fear looks like prudence: self-possession 14.who hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind : pressed hard behind so that we had to hurry on our way

15.quantities of sea creatures: plenty

16.were left stranded on dry sand: in a helpless position 17.a fearful black cloud was rent by…bursts of flame: split

18.my uncle's friend from Spain spoke up still more urgently: spoke more loudly 19.it had already blotted out Capri: covered From:

5

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

20.my mother implored, entreated, and commanded me to escape: asked in a begging manner, begged humbly

21.we shall be knocked down and trampled underfoot: crushed under the feet 22.the wailing of infants: long cry suggesting grief 23.People bewailed their own fate: wept to express deep sorrow for 24.who prayed for death in their terror of dying: wished to die sooner 25.Many besought the aid of the gods: asked anxiously 26.who added to the real perils: increased 27.by inventing fictitious dangers: untrue 28.A gleam of light returned: sudden flash 29.not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils: was made unconsciously by

30.had I not derived some consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it: because I got some comfort in my dying fate, as I believed

31.we attended to our physical needs: satisfied ourselves with food and shelter

II. Rewrite the following

1. Panic-stricken, the mob of people close behind us wanted to act on someone else?s decision in preference to their own and hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd. 2. Unless we were certain of his safety, we replied, we would not think of considering our own. 3. By reporting that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, some people added to the real perils by inventing such fictitious dangers, and found others, yet, to believe these false tales. 4. Because I derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I was it, I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils. 5. Compared with several individuals? frightful predictions, the calamities both of their own and of others? seemed to be ludicrous.

III. Translate the following into English

1. We had scarcely sat down to rest when darkness fell, not the dark of a moonless or cloudy night, but as if the lamp had been put out in a closed room. You could hear the shrieks of women, the wailing of infants, and the shouting of men; some were calling their parents, others their children or their wives, trying to recognize them by their voices. People bewailed their own fate or that of their relatives, and there were some who prayed for death in their terror of dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined there were no gods left, and that the universe was plunged into eternal darkness forevermore.

2. Once beyond the buildings we stopped, and there we had some extraordinary experiences which thoroughly alarmed us. The carriages we had ordered to be brought out began to run in different directions though the ground was quite level, and would not remain stationary even when wedged with stones. We also saw the sea sucked away and apparently forced back by the earthquake: at any rate it receded from the shore so that

From:

6

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

quantities of sea creatures were left stranded on dry sand. On the landward side a fearful black cloud was rent by forked and quivering bursts of flame, and parted to reveal great tongues of fire, like flashes of lightning magnified in size.

3. Fear predominated, for the earthquakes went on, and several hysterical individuals made their own and other people?s calamities seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful predictions. But even then, in spite of the dangers we had been through and were still expecting, my mother and I had still no intention of leaving until we had news of my uncle.

4. At last the darkness thinned and dispersed into smoke or cloud; then there was genuine daylight, and the sun actually, shone out, but yellowish as it is during an eclipse. We were terrified to see everything changed, buried deep in ashes like snowdrifts. We returned to Misenum where we attended to our physical needs as best we could, and then spent an anxious night alternating between hope and fear.

5. By now it was dawn [25 August in the year 79], but the light was still dim and faint. The buildings round us were already tottering, and the open space we were in was too small for us not to be in real and imminent danger if the house collapsed. This finally decided us to leave the town. We were followed by a panic- stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else?s decision in preference to their own (a point in which fear looks like prudence), who hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.

IV. Cloze

(1)round (2)space (3)not (4)danger (5)finally (6)followed (7)act (8)preference (9)which (10)pressing (11)which (12)different (13)ground (14)with (15)away (16)from (17)creatures (18)fearful (19)burst (20)great

V. Proofreading We had scarcely sat down to rest when darkness fell, not the dark of a moonless or cloudy night, but as if the lamp had 1.been put out in a close room. You could hear the shrieks of 1. closed 2.women, the wailing of infants,∧ the shouting of men; some 2. and 3.were calling for their parents, others their children or their 3. for 4.wives, tried to recognize them by their voices. People 4. trying 5.bewailed for their own fate or that of their relatives, and 5. for 6.there were some who prayed for death in their terror of 6. √ 7.dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more 7. √ 8.imagined that there were no gods left, and that the universe 8. √ 9.was plunged into an eternal darkness forevermore. There 9. an 10.were people, too, who added∧ the real perils by inventing 10. to fictitious dangers.

At last the darkness thinned and dispersed into 1.smoke or cloud; then there was a genuine daylight, and 1. a From:

7

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

2.the sun actually shone out, but yellowish as it was during 3.an eclipse. We were terrified to see everything change, 4.buried deep in ashes like snowdrifts. We returned to 5.Misenum where we attended∧ our physical needs as best 6.we could, and then spent an eager night alternating 7.between hope and fear. Fear predominated, for the 8.earthquakes yet went on, and several hysterical 9.individuals made their own and other people?s calamities seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful 10.predictions. But even then, in spite∧ the dangers we had been through and were still expecting, my mother and I had still no intention of leaving until we had news of my uncle. 2. is 3.changed 4. √ 5. to 6.anxioius 7. √ 8. yet 9. √ 10. of

Text II

Rewrite the following

1. The major land masses and the ocean basins have not changed much throughout the greater part of geologic time. 2. Almost all islands result from the violent, explosive, earth-shaking eruptions of submarine volcanoes, working perhaps for millions of years to achieve their end. 3. An act of creation can result from such a process seemingly so destructive, so catastrophic in nature, which is one of the paradoxes in the ways of earth and sea. 4. An island may be destroyed quickly to only after long ages of geological time, which may also depend on external forces. 5. It takes prolonged and violent travail for a volcanic island to come into being.

From:

8

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

TEXT I

Unit Two

THE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

“Never put off till tomorrow,” 1exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, “what you can do today.”? That the elegant earl never 2got around to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad habit of keeping 3worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom 4

attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever. Quintus Fabius Maximus, one of the great Roman generals, was 5dubbed “Cunctator” (Delayer) for putting off battle 6until the last possible vinum break. Moses 7pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah?s edict to Pharaoh. Hamlet, of course, raised procrastination to an art form.

There are those who prepare their income taxes in February, prepay mortgages and serve precisely planned dinners at an 8ungodly 6: 30 p.m. The other half dine happily on leftovers at 9 or 10, misplace bills and 9file for an extension of the income tax deadline. They seldom pay credit-card bills until the 10apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver. They postpone, 11as Faustian encounters) visits to barbershop, dentist or doctor.

Yet 12for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.

From Cunctator’ s day until this century, the art of postponement had been 13virtually a monopoly of the military (“Hurry up and wait”), diplomacy and the law. In former times, a British proconsul faced with a native uprising could comfortably 14ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling” in hand. 15Blessedly, he had no flattering Telex to order in machine guns and fresh troops.

Even 16where there is no will, there is a way. There is a difference, of course, between chronic procrastination and purposeful postponement, particularly 17in the higher echelons of business.

The data explosion 18fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction — another report to be read, another authority to be consulted.

His point is well 19taken. 20Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made.

Many languages are 21studded with phrases that refer to putting things off ---from the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish.

There are all sorts of 22rationalizations: the pressure of teaching responsibilities at home, checking out the latest book, looking up another footnote.”

To Georgia State Psychologist Joen Fagan, however; procrastination may be a kind of 23

subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial.

It is something of 24a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation. So, 25for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or 26an entree, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace, which took the Duke of Marlborough?s architects and laborers 15 years to construct.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

In the process, the design can 27mellow and marinate.

In other words, 28pace Lord Chesterfield, what you don?t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off until tomorrow.

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.

The fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever can be testified _____________________________ 2. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah?s edict to Pharaoh.

By saying that he had a speech defect, _____________________ 3. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.

Although procrastination may____________________________ 4. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal.

The design of bureaucratization, which_____________________ 5. There is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.

Procrastination has been honored________________________

III. Translate the following into English

1.事实上，拖延这种现象的漫长而骄人的历史本身就已经表明，许多构想和决定如果加以推迟可能会更为圆满。推迟做出决定其本身就是一个决定，这是一个自明之理。议会的办事程序，就其本质而言，就是包含了拖延与深思的一种办事制度。就此而言，这种现象同样可见于一幅油画杰作的创作，一碟菜肴的烹饪，或是一本书的编写，也可见于象布伦海姆宫这样的大楼的建造。这项工程花费了莫尔巴勒公爵手下众多建筑师和劳工整整15年的时间。

2. 他的见解很有道理。在政府机构日益臃肿，社会结构日益复杂的情况下，繁琐拖拉的办事程序不断复杂，使决策者们忙于应付各种条条框框，左右全行，再三考虑，被繁琐的事务压得喘不过气来，也就无法仓促地做出决定。导致水门事件的政府集权化管理已经波及经济和其他部门，使拖延成为全世界的生活方式。许多语言中，都充满表示拖延的词语——从西班牙语中的Ma?ena到阿拉伯语中的bukrafilmishmish（文字上是“明日之杏”的意思，指的是“留待和暖的春季杏花

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

盛开时才去做”）

3. 在拖延的过程中，设计可以达到尽善尽美。事实上，欲速则不达。正如《石中剑》的作者T·H怀特所说：“时间并非是要在一小时或一天内被匆匆吞没，而是要在不急不忙的细细品味中，一点一滴地被逐步消化。”

换句话说，尊敬的切斯得菲尔得伯爵，您今天不一定要做的事，尽管拖到明天吧。 4. “今天要做事决不要拖到明天，”切斯得菲尔得勋爵在1949年曾经如此劝诫人们。但是，这位举止优雅的伯爵却从来没有安排好时间娶他儿子的母亲。此外，他还有个坏习惯：老是让像约翰逊博士这样的贵客在他的接待室里等上几小时。这证明，即使是最有善意的人也曾经是个拖延者。

5. 尽管拖延会带来很多麻烦，但是推迟往往能使人获得灵感并重新焕发想象力。珍·凯尔是一位曾经创作了许多优秀小说和戏剧的女作家。她说，她总是习惯于把厨房里的所有糖罐头和奖品上的商品标签细读一遍才坐到打字机前开始写作。 IV. Cloze

“Never (1)p off till tomorrow,” exhorted (2)L Chesterfield in 1749, “(3)w____ you can do today.” (4)T the elegant earl never got (5)a to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad (6)h of keeping worthies (7)l Dr. Johnson cooling their (8)h for hours in an anteroom attests to the (9)f that even the most well-intentioned men (10)h been postponers ever.

His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, (11)w flourished amid the growing (12)b of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother (13)p in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby (14)p_____ hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government (15)t led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, (16)m procrastination a worldwide (17)w of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to (18)p_____ things off ---(19)f the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish (literally “tomorrow in apricots, “ more loosely “leave it for the soft spring weather (20)w____ the apricots are blooming”).

V. Proofreading:

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if they are postponed. It is something of 1.truism that to put off making a decision is itself a 1. 2.decision. The parliament process is essentially a system 2. 3.of delay and deliberation. So, for this matter, is the 3. 4.creation of a great painting, or an entree, or a book, or a 4. 5.building like Blenheim Palace, for which took the Duke 5. 6.of Marlborough?s architects and labors 15 years to 6. 7.construct up. In the process, the design can mellow and 7. 8.marinate. Indeed, hurry can be the assassin of an 8. From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

9.elegance. As T. H. White, author of Sword in the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured in an hour or 10.a day, but be consumed delicately and gradually and without haste.” 9. 10. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The truth of what she said seemed less important than the glee with which she said it, her pride in the snake pit she?d come from.

Gleefully she said it with her pride in the snake pit she?d come from, _____________ 2. Paring away its less flattering modern connotations, we discover a kind of synonym for connection, for community, and this, it seems to me, is the primary function of gossip. With its less flattering modern connotations pared away, gossip, in my view, _______ 3. Except in the case of those rare toddler-fabulists, enchanting parents and siblings with fairy tales made up on the spot, gossip may be the way that most of us learn to tell stories.

Gossip may not be like learning to tell stories by most of us, _____________________ 4. Pacing, tone, clarity and authenticity are as essential for the reportage of neighborhood news as they are for well-made fiction.

Pacing, tone, clarity and authenticity may apply to _____________________________ 5. And while there are those who believe that the sole aim of gossip is to criticize, to condemn, I prefer to see gossip as a tool of understanding.

And yet for some people?s belief ___________________________________________

Text I

I. Paraphrase

1. exhorted: urged strongly 2. the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son's mother: found time for 3. a habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours: men of importance like Dr. Johnson waiting 4. That.…attests to the fact that: proves 5. one of the great Roman generals was dubbed \6. for putting off battle until the last possible vinum break: until an effective defense deserving a celebration with champagne was ensured

7. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah's edict to Pharaoh: claimed that he had a speech defect, and that he had reasons for

References to the exercises

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

8. at an ungodly 6:30 p.m.: unreasonable 9. to file for an extension of the income tax deadline: apply officially 10.until the apocalyptic voice of Diners threatens doom from Denver: warning, suggests unavoidable destruction

11.They postpone, as Faustian encounters, visits to barbershop: as if they will see devils 12.Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur: in spite of 13.the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military, diplomacy and the law: found almost only in the field of

14.to ruminate about the situation with Singapore Sling in hand: go over in mind repeatedly and slowly

15.Blessedly, he had no nattering Telex to order machine guns and fresh troops: fortunately, noisy

16.Even there is no will, there is a way: there is no will to delay, there is a way to do so. 17.in the higher echelons of business: in the case of higher levels 18.The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction: encourages, doing nothing

19.His point is will taken: accepted 20.Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymaker in blanks of legalism, compromise and reappraisal: Excessive silly rules, which developed very quickly as a result of the expanding administrative structure and the greater complexity of society, were made to restrict policymakers, who have to be engaged in endless paperwork, mediation and reconsideration

21.Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off: filled 22.There are all sorts of rationalizations: reasons 23.a kind of subliminal way of sorting the important from the trivial: way outside one's conscious awareness

24.It is something of a truism: an undoubted truth 25.for that matter: as further concerns the thing mentioned 26.So…is the creation of an entree: a small carefully prepared meat dish 27.the design can mellow and marinate: ripen and mature 28.pace Lord Chesterfield: with all due respect to

II. Rewrite the following

1. The fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever can be testified by the elegant earl who never got around to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom. 2. By saying that he had a speech defect, Moses rationalized his reluctance to deliver Jehovah?s edict to Pharaoh.

3. Whatever trouble procrastination may incur, delay can, yet, often inspire and revive a creative soul. 4. The design of bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was to smoother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal. From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

5. Procrastination has been honored long, suggesting that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.

III. Translate the following into English

1. In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed. It is something of a truism that to put off making a decision is itself a decision. The parliamentary process is essentially a system of delay and deliberation. So, for that matter, is the creation of a great painting, or an entree, or a book, or a building like Blenheim Palace, which took the Duke of Marlborough?s architects and laborers 15 years to construct.

2. His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother policymakers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government that led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, making procrastination a worldwide way of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to putting things off ---from the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish (literally “tomorrow in apricots, “more loosely “leave it for the soft spring weather when the apricots are blooming”).

3. In the process, the design can mellow and marinate. Indeed, hurry can be the assassin of elegance. As T. H. White, author of Sword in the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured in an hour or a day, but to be consumed delicately and gradually and without haste.” In other words, pace Lord Chesterfield, what you don?t necessarily have to do today, by all means put off until tomorrow.

4. “Never put off till tomorrow,” exhorted Lord Chesterfield in 1749, “what you can do today.”? That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.

5. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul. Jean Kerr, author of many successful novels and plays, says that she reads every soup-can and jam-jar label in her kitchen before settling down to her typewriter.

IV. Cloze

(1)put (2)Lord (3)what (4)That (5)around (6)habit (7)like (8)heels (9)fact (10)have (11)which (12)burdens (13)policymakers (14)prevent (15)that (16)making (17)way (18)putting (19)from (20)when

V. Proofreading: In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if they are postponed. It is something of 1.∧truism that to put off making a decision is itself a 1. a 2.decision. The parliament process is essentially a system 2.parliamentary 3.of delay and deliberation. So, for this matter, is the 3. √ From:

14

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

4.creation of a great painting, or an entree, or a book, or a 5.building like Blenheim Palace, for which took the Duke 6.of Marlborough?s architects and labors 15 years to 7.construct up. In the process, the design can mellow and 8.marinate. Indeed, hurry can be the assassin of an 9.elegance. As T. H. White, author of Sword in the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured in an hour or 10.a day, but∧ be consumed delicately and gradually and without haste.” 4. √ 5. for 6. laborers 7. up 8. an 9. √ 10. to Text II Rewrite the following

1. Gleefully she said it with her pride in the snake pit she?d come from, the way she said it seemingly more important than the truth of what she said. 2. With its less flattering modern connotations pared away, gossip, in my view, seems to have such a primary function like something of connection and community. 3. Gossip may not be like learning to tell stories by most of us, only in the case of those rare toddler-fabulists, enchanting parents and siblings with fairy tales made up on the spot. 4. Pacing, tone, clarity and authenticity may apply to the reportage of neighborhood news as well as to well-made fiction. 5. And yet for some people?s belief in gossip?s sole aim for criticizing and condemning, I prefer to see gossip as a tool of understanding.

From:

15

M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

TEXT I

Unit Three

WALLS AND BARRIERS

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

Of course, my father is a gentleman of the old school, a member of the generation to whom a good deal of modern architecture is 1unnerving; but I suspect that his negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.

In his generation money was thought of as a 2tangible commodity --- bullion, bank notes, coins --- that could be 3hefted, carried, or stolen. Consequently, to attract the 4custom of a sensible man, a bank had to have heavy walls, barred windows, and bronze doors, to affirm the fact, however untrue, that money would be safe inside. If a building?s design made it appear 5impregnable, the institution was necessarily 6sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol 7dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.

But that attitude toward money has of course changed. The banker no longer offers us a safe, he offers us a service --- a service in which the most valuable elements are 8dash and a creative flair for the invention of large numbers. The Manufacturers Trust is a great cubical cage of glass whose brilliantly lighted interior challenges even the brightness of a sunny day, while the door to the vault, 9far from being secluded and guarded, is set out as a window display. Just as the older bank 10asserted its invulnerability, this bank by its architecture boasts of its imaginative powers. From this point of view it is hard to say where architecture ends and 11human assertion begins. In fact, there is no such division; the two are one and the same.

In the age of sociology and psychology, walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the 12barriers in men?s minds.

In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. Therefore they built heavy, walls of huge boulders, behind which they could feel themselves to be in a 13delimited space that was controllable and safe; these heavy walls expressed man?s fear of the outer world and his need to find protection, however illusory. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period 14

precluded the construction of more delicate walls. Still, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude toward the world, which made people want to build walls in the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are practically all wall, the fear of 15

dissolution being the ultimate fear.

And then there is the question of privacy --- for it has become 16questionable. In some Mediterranean cultures it was not so much the world of nature that was feared, but the world of men. Men were dirty, 17prying, vile, and dangerous. One went about, if one could afford it, in guarded litters, women went about heavily veiled, if they went about at all. One?s house was surrounded by a wall, and the rooms faced not out, but in, toward a 18patio, expressing the prevalent conviction that the beauties and values of life were to be found by looking inward, and by engaging in the intimate activities of a personal 19as against a public From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

life. The rich 20intricacies of the decorative arts of the period, as well as its contemplative philosophies, 21are as illustrative of this attitude as the walls themselves. We feel different today. For one thing, we place greater reliance upon the control of human hostility, not so much by physical barriers, as by the 22conventions of law and social practice --- as well as the availability of motorized police. We do not cherish privacy as much as did our ancestors. We are proud to have our women seen and admired, and the same 23goes for our homes. The principal function of today?s wall is to separate possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled conditions of temperature and humidity which we have created inside. Glass may 24accomplish this function, though there are apparently a good many people who still have 25qualms about eating, sleeping, and dressing under conditions of high visibility; they demand walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate 26screening. But these shy ones are a vanishing breed. The Philip Johnson house in Connecticut, which is much admired and widely imitated, has glass walls all the way around, and the only real privacy is to be found in the bathroom, the toilette 27taboo being still unbroken, at least in Connecticut. 28

To repeat, it is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls. The glass wall expresses man?s conviction that he can and does master nature and society. The “open plan” and the 29unobstructed view are consistent with his faith in the eventual solution of all problems through the expanding efforts of science.

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. My father?s negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.

The architecture itself didn?t cause so much of _______________ 2. It is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls,

We are changing our conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world, which, instead of our advanced technology, ____________ 3. If a building?s design made it appear impregnable, the institution was necessarily sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.

A building?s apparently impregnable design made ____________ 4. It is in the understanding of architecture as a medium for the human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals that the architectural criticism departs from classical aesthetics.

Understanding architecture as a medium ____________________ 5. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

It was possibly because of the undeveloped technology of the period _______________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 我们并不寻求与世隔绝；事实上，只要我们觉得自己孤单，就会轻轻敲一下开关，通过电视屏幕将整个世界带到眼前。所以难怪，厚实的围墙现已过时，而我们建起了用金属箔和玻璃做材料的薄膜幕墙。 2. 在原始社会，人类把世界描绘成巨大而可怕，充满仇恨而且不为人类所驾驭的地方。因此他们用巨石建起坚厚的墙，生活在墙后局限的空间里，他们会觉得自如与安全。这些厚墙表达人们对外界的恐惧和对于寻求保护的迫切感，尽管这些墙起不了实际的保护作用。也许有人会争辩道，那是因为当时的技术不发达，所以人们无法建造更为精巧的墙。这话当然没错，但是促使人们建造围墙的首先并非技术问题，而是人类对于世界的恐惧心理，恐惧心理越强烈，墙就建得越厚实，直到古代君王的墓里我们发现基本是由墙式的结构所组成，因为对于死亡的恐惧是人们最强烈的恐惧。

3. 新的建筑批评理论把建筑学视作表达人的态度、偏见、禁忌和理想的媒介。正是在这一点上，他与古典美学分道扬镳。后者纯粹以比例、结构等作为审美的依据，在社会学与心理学交织的时代，围墙不仅仅是围墙，而且还是人们心中隔阂的具体象征。

4. 如今墙的主要功能在于把外界令人不舒服的空气尽可能的隔绝出去，使我们能尽享自己创造的受控的温度与湿度环境。玻璃可以圆满地担负此任，不过还有许多人们似乎仍然对于在众目睽睽之下就餐、就寝和更衣有所顾虑，它们需要至少能为他们提供足够安全和隐私感的墙。

5. 总而言之，决定我们如何建造围墙的因素并非是我们的先进技术，而是我们对于世界不断改变的看法。玻璃墙表达了人类能够并且确实驾驭自然和社会的坚定信念。开放式的设计和一览无遗的景色恰切的表达了人类通过不断的科学努力最终解决一切难题的信心。

6. 今天，我们对于隐私的看法已经截然不同了。其中一个原因是，我们不再依赖物质的屏障来控制人与人之间的敌对局面，我们除了依靠摩托化的警力之外，主要还是依靠法律和社会惯例来使人们达成共识，化解分歧。我们并不像我们的祖先那样看重隐私。我们很乐意看到自己的女人抛头露面，被人仰慕。

IV. Cloze

It is in the understanding of architecture as a (1)m for the expression of (2)h____ attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals (3)t the new architectural criticism (4)d______ from classical aesthetics. The latter relied (5)u pure proportion, composition, etc., as bases (6)f artistic judgment. (7)I the age of sociology (8)a psychology, (9)w______ are not simply walls but physical (10)s of the barriers in men?s minds.

We feel different today. For one thing, we (11)p_____ greater reliance upon the control of human hostility, not so (12)m_____ by physical barriers, as by the conventions of law and social (13)p_____ --- as well as the availability of motorized police. We do not cherish privacy as (14)m_____ as did our ancestors. We are (15)p_____ to have our women seen and (16)a_____, and the same goes for our homes. We do not seek solitude; in (17)f_____, if we find ourselves alone for once, we (18)f_____ a switch and invite the whole world in

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

(19)t_____ the television screen. Small wonder, then, that the (20)h_____ surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of this sheet metal or glass.

The principal function of today?s wall is to (21)s possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled (22)c of temperature and humidity (23)w we have created (24)i . Glass may accomplish this (25)f , though there are apparently a good many (26)p who still have qualms (27)a eating, sleeping, and dressing (28)u_______ conditions of high visibility; they (29)d walls that will at (30)l give them a sense of adequate screening.

To repeat, it is not our advanced technology, (31)b our changing conceptions of ourselves in (32)r to the world (33)t determine how we shall build our (34)w . The glass wall expresses man?s conviction that he can and does (35)m_______ nature and society. The “open plan” and the unobstructed view are consistent (36)w his faith in the eventual solution of all (37)p through the expanding efforts of science. This is perhaps (38)w it is the most “advanced” and “forward-looking” among us (39)w live and work in glass houses. (40)E the fear of the cast stone has been analyzed out of us.

V. Proofreading:

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. (1)Therefore they built heavy walls of huge boulder, behind 1. (2)which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited room 2. (3)that was controllable and safe, these heavy walls 3. (4)expressed man?s fear of the outer space and his need to find 4. (5)protection, wherever illusory. It might be argued that the 5. (6)undeveloped technology of the period precluded the 6. (7)construction of the more delicate walls. This is of course 7. (8)true. Yet, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude 8. (9)toward the world, which made people want to build walls in 9. the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are (10)practically all wall; the fear of dissolution being the 10. ultimate fear. Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Regardless of status, it is nearly always the new arrival who makes the body-cross

movement, because it is he who is invading the home territory of the greeters.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

As the invader of the home territory the greeters, the new arrival, ___________ 2. Only if they are extremely subordinate to the new arrival, and perhaps in serious

trouble with him, will there be a likelihood of them taking the “body-cross role”.

Except in the case of an extremely subordinating relation to the new arrival, or perhaps of a serious trouble with him,___________________________ 3. If a social situation is in any way threatening, then there is an immediate urge to set up

such a barricade.

Being in any threatening social situation, people will___________________ 4. If the insensitive intruder continues to approach despite these obvious signals of fear,

then there is nothing for the tiny child but to scream or flee.

Faced with the insensitive intruder who continues to approach despite these obvious signals of fear, the tiny child__________________ 5. In teenage girls this pattern may still be detected in the giggling cover-up of the face,

with hands or papers, when acutely or jokingly embarrassed.

When teenage girls, in acute or joking embarrassment, cover up their faces with hands or papers,___________________________

References to the exercises

Text I

I. Paraphrase

1. to whom a good deal of modern architecture is unnerving: discouraging 2. a tangible commodity: material 3. that could be hefted: lifted for making out the weight 4. to attract the custom of a sensible man: business patronage 5. If a building's design made it appear impregnable: firm enough 6. the institution was necessarily sound: in good condition 7. the meaning of the heavy wall…dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory: was based on , on

8. the most valuable elements are dash and a creative flair for the invention of large numbers: vigor and a creative ability

9. the door to the vault, far from being secluded and guarded, is set out: not at all 10.the older bank asserted its invulnerability: showed forcefully its freedom from harm 11.it is hard to say where architecture ends and human assertion begins: expression of human attitudes

12.walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the barriers in men's minds: fears 13.they could feel themselves to be in a delimited space: space with fixed limits 14.the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls: made impossible

15.the fear of dissolution being the ultimate fear: death 16.it has become questionable: not certain From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

17.Men were dirty, prying, vile, and dangerous: nosy, evil 18.the rooms faced not out, but in, toward a patio: inner roofless yard 19.engaging in the intimate activities of a personal as against a public life: rather than 20.The rich intricacies of the decorative arts of the period: complex details 21….are as illustrative of this attitude as the walls themselves: illustrate as much 22.by the conventions of law and social practice: agreements 23.and the same goes for our homes: is true for 24.Glass may accomplish this function: perform well 25.people who still have qualms about eating…under conditions of high visibility: unpleasant feelings

26.walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate screening: privacy due to separation 27.the toilette taboo being still unbroken: forbidden practice 28.To repeat, it is our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine: In a word, it is our attitudes toward

29.The \solution of all problems: view free from obstruction squarely express

II. Rewrite the following

1. The architecture itself didn?t cause so much of my father?s negative response as a violation of his concept of the nature of money did. 2. We are changing our conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world, which, instead of our advanced technology, is the determining factor of how we shall build our walls. 3. A building?s apparently impregnable design made not only the building itself necessarily sound but also its heavy wall as an architectural symbol significant, because of the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than of any aesthetic theory. 4. Understanding architecture as a medium for the human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals, the new architectural criticism differs from classical aesthetics. 5. It was possibly because of the undeveloped technology of the period that the construction of more delicate walls became impossible.

III. Translate the following into English

1. We do not seek solitude; in fact, if we find ourselves alone for once, we flick a switch and invite the whole world in through the television screen. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of this sheet metal or glass.

2. In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. Therefore they built heavy, walls of huge boulders, behind which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited space that was controllable and safe; these heavy walls expressed man?s fear of the outer world and his need to find protection, however illusory. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls. This is of course true. Still, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude toward the world, which made people want to build walls in the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are practically all wall, the fear of dissolution being the ultimate fear.

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3. It is in the understanding of architecture as a medium for the expression of human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals that the new architectural criticism departs from classical aesthetics. The latter relied upon pure proportion, composition, etc., as bases for artistic judgment. In the age of sociology and psychology, walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the barriers in men?s minds.

4. The principal function of today?s wall is to separate possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled conditions of temperature and humidity which we have created inside. Glass may accomplish this function, though there are apparently a good many people who still have qualms about eating, sleeping, and dressing under conditions of high visibility; they demand walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate screening. 5. To repeat, it is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls. The glass wall expresses man?s conviction that he can and does master nature and society. The “open plan” and the unobstructed view are consistent with his faith in the eventual solution of all problems through the expanding efforts of science.

6. We feel different today. For one thing, we place greater reliance upon the control of human hostility, not so much by physical barriers, as by the conventions of law and social practice --- as well as the availability of motorized police. We do not cherish privacy as much as did our ancestors. We are proud to have our women seen and admired.

IV. Cloze

(1)medium (2)human (3)that (4)departs (5)upon (6)for (7)In (8)and (9)walls (10)symbols (11)place (12)much (13)practice (14)much (15)proud (16)admired (17)fact (18)flick (19)through (20)heavy (21)separate (22)conditions (23)which (24)inside (25)function (26)people (27)about (28)under (29)demand (30)least. (31)but (32)relation (33)that (34)wall (35)master (36)with (37)problems (38)why (39)who (40)Even

V. Proofreading: In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. (1)Therefore they built heavy walls of huge boulder, behind 1.boulders (2)which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited room 2. space (3)that was controllable and safe,∧ these heavy walls 3. so (4)expressed man?s fear of the outer space and his need to find 4. world (5)protection, wherever illusory. It might be argued that the 5. however (6)undeveloped technology of the period precluded the 6. √ (7)construction of the more delicate walls. This is of course 7. the (8)true. Yet, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude 8. Still (9)toward the world, which made people want to build walls in 9. that the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are (10)practically all wall; the fear of dissolution being the 10. is From:

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ultimate fear.

Text II

Rewrite the following

1. As the invader of the home territory the greeters, the new arrival, whoever he or she is, is nearly always the first to make the body-cross movement. 2. Except in the case of an extremely subordinating relation to the new arrival, or perhaps

of a serious trouble with him, they are not likely to take the “body-cross role”. 3. Being in any threatening social situation, people will have an immediate urge to set up such a barricade. 4. Faced with the insensitive intruder who continues to approach despite these obvious

signals of fear, the tiny child does nothing but screaming or fleeing. 5. When teenage girls, in acute or joking embarrassment, cover up their faces with hands

or papers, we may still detect this pattern. From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

TEXT I

Unit Four

THE LADY, OR THE TIGER?

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king, whose ideas, though somewhat 1

polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still 2large, florid, and untrammeled, as became the half of him which was barbaric. He was a man of 3exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority so irresistible ?that, at his will, he turned his 4

varied fancies into facts. He was greatly 5given to self-communing; and, when he and himself agreed upon anything, the thing was done. When every member of his domestic and political systems moved smoothly in its appointed course, his nature was 6bland and genial; but whenever there was a little hitch, and some of his 7orbs got out of their orbits, he was blander and more genial still, for nothing pleased him so much as 8to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places. Among the borrowed notions by which his barbarism had become 9semified was that of the public arena, in which, by exhibition of manly and beastly valor, the minds of his subjects were 10refined and cultured. But even here the exuberant and barbaric fancy 11asserted itself.

The vast amphitheater, with its encircling galleries, its mysterious vaults, and its unseen passages, was an agent of 12poetic justice, in which crime was punished, or virtue rewarded, by the decrees of an impartial and incorruptible chance.

When a subject was accused of a crime of sufficient importance to interest the king, public notice was given that on an appointed day the fate of the accused person would be decided in the king?s arena --- a structure which well deserved its name; although its form and plan were borrowed from afar, its purpose emanated solely from the brain of this man, who, every barleycorn a king, knew no tradition to which he 13owed more allegiance than pleased his fancy, and who ingrafted on every adopted form of human thought and action the rich growth of his barbaric idealism.

If he opened the one, there came out of it a hungry tiger, the fiercest and most cruel that could be 14procured, which immediately sprang upon him, and tore him to pieces, as a punishment for his guilt. The moment that the case of the criminal was thus decided, 15

doleful iron bells were clanged, great wails went up from the hired mourners posted on the outer rim of the arena, and the vast audience, with bowed heads and downcast hearts, 16

wended slowly their homeward way, mourning greatly that one so young and fair, or so old and respected, should have 17merited so dire a fate. But, if the accused person opened the other door, there came from it a lady, the most suitable to his years and 18station that his majesty could select among his fair subjects; and to this lady he was immediately married, as a reward of his innocence. It mattered not that he might already possess a wife and family, or that his affections was might be engaged upon an object of his own selection; the king allowed no such subordinate arrangements to 19

interfere with his great scheme of 20retribution and reward. The exercises, as in the other instance, took place immediately, and in the arena. Another of the door opened beneath the king, and a priest, followed by a band of choristers, and dancing maidens blowing joyous 21

airs on golden horns and treading an epithalamic measure, advanced to where the pair

From:

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stood, side by side; and the wedding was promptly and cheerily 22solemnized. Then the gay brass bells rang forth their merry peals, the people shouted glad hurrahs, and the innocent man, 23preceded by children 24strewing flowers on his path, led his bride to his home. The decisions of this tribunal were not only fair, they were positively 25determinate: the accused person was instantly punished if he found himself guilty; and, if innocent, he was rewarded on the spot, whether he liked it or not. There was no escape from the judgments of the king?s arena.

The institution was a very popular one. When the people, gathered together on one of the great trial days they never knew whether they were to witness a bloody a slaughter or a 26

hilarious wedding. This element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion 27which it could not otherwise have attained. Thus the masses were entertained and pleased, and 28the thinking part of the community could bring no charge of unfairness against this plan; for did not the accused person have the whole matter in his own hands?

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The king?s ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of

distant Latin neighbors, were still large, florid, and untrammeled, as became the half of him which was barbaric.

The half of the king was barbaric, as his ideas, though _________ 2. He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority so irresistible that, at his

will, he turned his varied fancies into facts.

He was such a man not only of exuberant fancy, but also of an authority, ___________ 3. Among the borrowed notions by which his barbarism had become semified was that of

the public arena, in which, by exhibition of manly and beastly valor, the minds of his subjects were refined and cultured.

Thinking of such a thing like the public arena as one of his borrowed notions by which his barbarism had become semified, the king intended to______________________ 4. The man was subject to no guidance or influence but that of the aforementioned

impartial and incorruptible chance.

The man was not guided or influenced by ________________ 5. This element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion which it could not otherwise

have attained.

The occasion was made more interesting just ________________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 国王这种主持正义的方式很受欢迎。当人们在大审判的日子聚集在一起的时候，他们从来无法知道将要目睹的会是一场血腥大屠杀，还是一个欢乐的婚礼。这种莫测

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

的因素使人们对审判颇有兴致。这种兴致是在其他场合无处可觅的。因此，广大老百姓得以娱乐，得以满足，而那些有独到见解的人也无法指责这个裁决方式不公平，因为被告不是把其命运掌握在自己的手上吗？

2．当某个臣民被控之罪足以引起国王的兴趣时，就会发出公告，写明该被告将于某个指定的日子在国王的竞技场内被决定其命运——这个“国王的竞技场”的确名不虚传，因为，尽管其形式和设计均出自远方，其用途则完全出自他这个人的头脑，因为他，一个至高无上的国王，从来无视传统，只顾满足于实现自己那古怪离奇的思想，并且把他那不断膨胀的野性的理想主义移植到其所采用的所有的思维和行动方式上。

3．很久很久以前，有一位半开化的国王。他的怪异思想虽然因为受到遥远的拉丁民族的进步文明的影响而多少有所改进，但依然是根深蒂固，野性十足，不受约束，于是成为他身上那一半野蛮性格的不可分割的组成部分。他这个人满脑子古怪念头，而且非常专横，他随心所欲地把自己各种古怪念头变为现实。

4．但是，即使在这里，国王的那丰富的野性的想象力依然生机勃勃地得到体现。 他建造这个竞技场的意图，并非是让人们有机会听到垂死的格斗士们那悲哀的惨叫声，也并非是让他们目睹宗教观念与饿兽之间冲突的必然结局，而是要实现远为崇高的理想：即增强与发展人民的精神力量。这个巨大的圆形竞技场，四周有环绕的看台，其中还有神秘的暗室与暗道，是主持正义的完美场所，在这里罪恶受到惩罚，美德受到褒扬，国王为此而颁布的法令给人以公正而严明的机会。

5．他一向独断专行，当他自己决定了某件事时，这件事就要执行。在他的臣民都循规蹈矩的按照他的意志来行事时，他性情和蔼可亲；但是每当出现一些小小的麻烦，他的臣民行为越轨时，他会变得更为和蔼可亲，因为没有什么事情能比打抱不平，维护公正更令他高兴的了。

IV. Cloze

But even here the exuberant and barbaric fancy asserted itself. The arena of the king was built, not to give the people an (1)o of hearing the rhapsodies of dying gladiators, nor to (2)e them to view the inevitable conclusion of a conflict (3)b religious opinions and hungry jaws, but (4)f purposes far better adapted (5)t widen and develop the mental energies of the (6)p . The vast amphitheater, (7)w its encircling galleries, its mysterious vaults, and its unseen passages, was an agent of poetic (8)j , in which crime was (9)p , or virtue rewarded, by the decrees of an impartial and incorruptible (10)c .

When a subject was accused of a crime of sufficient importance to interest the king, public notice was given (11)t on an appointed day the fate of the (12)a person would be decided in the king?s arena --- a structure which well (13)d its name; although its form and plan were (14)b from afar, its purpose emanated solely (15)f___ the brain of this man, who, every barleycorn a king, knew no tradition to (16)w he owed more allegiance (17)t pleased his fancy, and (18)w ingrafted on every adopted (19)f of human thought and action (20)t rich growth of his barbaric idealism.

The institution was a very popular one. When the (21)p gathered together on one of the great trial (22)d they never knew whether they were to (23)w a bloody a

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slaughter or a hilarious wedding. This element of uncertainty (24)l an interest to the occasion (25)w it could not (26)o have attained. Thus the (27)m were entertained and pleased, and the thinking part of the community (28)c bring no charge of unfairness (29)a this plan; for did not the accused person have the whole (30)m ___ in his own hands?

V. Proofreading:

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king, whose ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still large, 1.florid, and untrammeled, became the half of him which was 1. 2.barbaric. He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of 2. 3.authority so irresistible that, at his will, he turned his varied 3. 4.fancies into facts. He was greatly given to be 4. 5.self-communing; and, while he and himself agreed upon 5. 6.anything, the thing was done. When every member of his 6. 7.domestic and political systems moving smoothly in its 7. 8.appointed course, his nature was so bland and genial; but 8. 9.whenever there was little hitch, and some of his orbs got out 9. 10.of their orbits, he was blander and even genial still, for 10. nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places. Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. She was not permitted to have wooden blocks or china dolls or rubber dogs or linen

books, because such materials were considered cheap for the daughter of a king.

Such materials as 2. The king sent a royal ambassador to the courts of five neighboring kingdoms to

announce that he would give his daughter?s hand in marriage to the prince who brought her the gift she liked the most.

The king would 3. The princess examined the gift and squealed with delight, for she had never seen tin

before or mica or feldspar or hornblende.

The princess was so delighted 4. The other princes roared with disdainful laughter when they saw the tawdry gift the

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

fifth prince had brought to the princess.

At the 5. He was a poor king whose realm bad been overrun by mice and locusts and wizards and

mining engineers so that there was nothing much of value left in it.

There was nothing

References to the exercises

Text I

I. Paraphrase

1. somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors: civilized

2. whose ideas were still large, florid, and untrammeled, as became the half of him which was barbaric: sweeping, wild, and unrestrained, and so 3. He was a man of exuberant fancy: wild and excessive 4. he turned his varied fancies into facts: fancies of different kinds 5. He was greatly given to self-communing: in the habit of discussing matters with himself 6. his nature was bland and genial: gentle and cheerful 7. some of his orbs got out of their orbits: subjects did something wrong

8. to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places: to execute justice 9. his barbarism had become semified: reduced to half of what it used to be 10.the minds of his subjects were refined and cultured: improved and cultivated 11.even the exuberant and barbaric fancy asserted itself: showed its power 12.The vast amphitheater…was an agent of poetic justice: perfect 13.he owed more allegiance to no tradition than pleased his fancy: stuck to no tradition except that which

14.the fiercest and most cruel that could be procured: obtained with effort 15.doleful iron bells were clanged: sad 16.wended slowly their homeward way: moved over a distance 17….should have merited so dire a fate: deserved so terrible 18.the most suitable to his years and station: social rank 19.to interfere with his great scheme of: to stop 20. retribution and reward:, deserved punishment 21.dancing maidens blowing joyous airs: tunes 22.the wedding was promptly and cheerily solemnized: performed in a manner of formal religious ceremony

23.the innocent man, preceded by children: headed 24.strewing flowers on his path, led his bride to his home: scattering 25.The decisions …were positively determinate: clear 26.to witness a hilarious wedding: wedding causing wild laughter 27.This element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion which it could not otherwise have attained: and this interest could not have been attained in other ways 28.the thinking part of the community: those who did not follow the practice blindly in

From:

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II. Rewrite the following

1. The half of the king was barbaric, as his ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant neighbors, were still large, florid, and untrammeled. 2. He was such a man not only of exuberant fancy, but also of an authority, that he would turn his varied fancies into facts without being resisted. 3. Thinking of such a thing like the public arena as one of his borrowed notions by which

his barbarism had become semified, the king intended to make the minds of his subjects refined and cultured by exhibition of manly and beastly valor. 4. The man was not guided or influenced by anyone or anything except the aforementioned impartial and incorruptible chance. 5. The occasion was made more interesting just for this element of uncertainty, which it could not be otherwise.

III. Translate the following into English

1. The institution was a very popular one. When the people, gathered together on one of the great trial days they never knew whether they were to witness a bloody a slaughter or a hilarious wedding. This element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion which it could not otherwise have attained. Thus the masses were entertained and pleased, and the thinking part of the community could bring no charge of unfairness against this plan; for did not the accused person have the whole matter in his own hands?

2. When a subject was accused of a crime of sufficient importance to interest the king, public notice was given that on an appointed day the fate of the accused person would be decided in the king?s arena --- a structure which well deserved its name; although its form and plan were borrowed from afar, its purpose emanated solely from the brain of this man, who, every barleycorn a king, knew no tradition to which he owed more allegiance than pleased his fancy, and who ingrafted on every adopted form of human thought and action the rich growth of his barbaric idealism.

3. In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king, whose ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still large, florid, and untrammeled, as became the half of him which was barbaric. He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority so irresistible ?that, at his will, he turned his varied fancies into facts.

4. But even here the exuberant and barbaric fancy asserted itself. The arena of the king was built, not to give the people an opportunity of hearing the rhapsodies of dying gladiators, nor to enable them to view the inevitable conclusion of a conflict between religious opinions and hungry jaws, but for purposes far better adapted to widen and develop the mental energies of the people. The vast amphitheater, with its encircling galleries, its mysterious vaults, and its unseen passages, was an agent of poetic justice, in which crime was punished, or virtue rewarded, by the decrees of an impartial and incorruptible chance.

5. He was greatly given to self-communing; and, when he and himself agreed upon anything, the thing was done. When every member of his domestic and political systems moved smoothly in its appointed course, his nature was bland and genial; but whenever there was a little hitch, and some of his orbs got out of their orbits, he was blander and

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

more genial still, for nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places.

IV. Cloze

(1)opportunity (2)enable (3)between (4)for (5)to

(6)people (7)with (8)justice (9)punished (10)chance (11)that (12)accused (13)deserved (14)borrowed (15)from (16)whom (17)than (18)who (19)form (20)the (21)people (22)days (23)witness (24)lent (25)which (26)otherwise (27)masses (28)could (29)against (30)matter

V. Proofreading: In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king, whose ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still large, 1.florid, and untrammeled,∧ became the half of him which was 1. as 2.barbaric. He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of 2. √ 3.∧authority so irresistible that, at his will, he turned his varied 3. an 4.fancies into facts. He was greatly given to be 4. be 5.self-communing; and, while he and himself agreed upon 5. when 6.anything, the thing was done. When every member of his 6. √ 7.domestic and political systems moving smoothly in its 7.moved 8.appointed course, his nature was so bland and genial; but 8. so 9.whenever there was∧ little hitch, and some of his orbs got 9. a 10.out of their orbits, he was blander and even genial still, for 10. more nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places. Text II

Rewrite the following

1. Such materials as wooden blocks or china dolls or rubber dogs or linen books were considered cheap for the daughter of a king, so she was not permitted to have them. 2. The king would give his daughter?s hand in marriage to the prince who brought her the gift she liked the most, according to the announcement made by a royal ambassador he sent to the courts of five neighboring kingdoms. 3. The princess was so delighted at the sight of tin she had never seen before or mica or feldspar or hornblende that she squealed when examining the gift. 4. At the sight of the tawdry gift the fifth prince had brought to the princess, the other princes roared with disdainful laughter. 5. There was nothing much of value left in this poor king?s realm, for it had been overrun by mice and locusts and wizards and mining engineers.

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TEXT I

Unit Five

THE LADY, OR THE TIGER?

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

This semi-barbaric king had a daughter as blooming as his most florid fancies, and with a soul as 1fervent and imperious as his own.

This 2royal maiden was well satisfied with her lover, for he was handsome and brave to a degree unsurpassed in all this kingdom; and she loved him with an 3ardor that had enough of barbarism in it to make it exceedingly warm and strong. This love affair moved on happily for many months, until one day the king happened to discover its existence. He did not hesitate nor 4waver in regard to his duty in the premises. Of course, everybody knew that the 5deed with which the accused was charged had been done.

No matter how the affair turned out, the youth would be disposed of; and the king would 6take an aesthetic pleasure in watching the course of events, which would determine whether or not the young man had done wrong in allowing himself to love the princess.

The appointed day arrived. From far and near the people gathered, and thronged the great galleries of the arena; and crowds, unable to gain 7admittance, massed themselves against its outside walls.

A door beneath the royal party opened, and the lover of the princess walked into the arena. Tall, beautiful, fair, his appearance was greeted with a low 8hum of admiration and anxiety.

9

Possessed of more power, influence, and force of character than any one who had ever before been interested in such a case, she had done what no other person had done — she had 10possessed herself of the secret of the doors. It was one of the fairest and loveliest of the 11damsels of the court who had been selected as the reward of the accused youth, should he be proved innocent of the crime of 12

aspiring to one so far above him; and the princess hated her. When her lover turned and looked at her, and his eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than any one in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her, he saw, by that power of quick perception which is given to those 13whose souls are one, that she knew behind which door crouched the tiger, and behind which stood the lady.

The more we reflect upon this question, the harder it is to answer. It involves a study of the human heart which 14leads us through devious mazes of passion, out of which it is difficult to find our way. Think of it, fair reader, not as if the decision of the question depended upon yourself, but upon that hot-blooded, semi-barbaric princess, 15her soul at a white heat beneath the combined fires of despair and jealousy. How often, in her waking hours and in her dreams, had she 16started in wild horror, and covered her face with her hands as she thought of her lover opening the door on the other side of which waited the cruel fangs of the tiger!

Would it not be better for him to die at once, and go to wait for her in the 17blessed regions of semi-barbaric 18futurity? And yet, that awful tiger, those shrieks, that blood!

Her decision had been 19indicated in an instant, but it had been made after days and From:

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nights of 20anguished deliberation. The question of her decision is one not to be lightly considered, and it is not for me to 21

presume to set myself up as the one person able to answer it.

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Among his courtiers was a young man of that fineness of blood and lowness of station

common to the conventional heroes of romance who love royal maidens.

Like the conventional heroes of romance who love royal maidens, a young man among______________________________ 2. She loved him with an ardor that had enough of barbarism in it to make it exceedingly

warm and strong.

Her love for him appeared exceedingly warm and strong_______ 3. The king did not hesitate nor waver in regard to his duty in the premises.

The king was always impatient _______________________ 4. The king would not think of allowing any fact of this kind to interfere with the

workings of the tribunal, in which he took such great delight and satisfaction.

According to the king, any fact of this kind would never________ 5. It involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion,

out of which it is difficult to find our way.

To study the human heart, we find it just ____________________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 然而，更多地浮现在她脑海的是，他站在另一扇门前！在难熬的幻觉中，当她看

到他打开少女的门时，脸上洋溢着狂喜的模样时，她气愤得咬牙切齿，撕扯头发。她看到他大步向前，迎接那面颊通红，喜气洋洋的女孩；她看到他拉着那个女孩儿，为自己命不该绝而狂喜；她听到在场的观众的欢呼声，和刺耳的庆贺钟声；她看到那牧师，捧着欢乐的花朵，向那对新人走去，当着她的面宣布他们结成合法夫妻，她还看到他和新娘手牵手，愉快的走在撒满鲜花的通道上，背后还跟着一大群欢呼雀跃的观众，她那绝望的尖叫声也被欢呼声所淹没。此时此刻，她的精神上所受的情感煎熬是何等的痛苦啊！

2. 这个爱情幸福地持续了好几个月，终于有一天被国王偶然察觉。国王当机立断，

毫不犹豫地行使其管辖权，年轻人马上被投入监狱，同时，在国王的竞技场受审的日子也定了下来。这个当然是一个空前重要的日子，举国上下和国王陛下对这次审判的进展都甚感兴趣。这是一个前所未有的案例，从来没有哪个平民斗胆爱上国王的千金。虽然在若干年后这类事情已变得很平常，但是在当时仍然是新奇而令人吃惊的。

3． 这个问题我们越是思考就越是难以解答。它涉及到对于人的心理研究，这种研究

From:

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有助于我们通过复杂诱惑的感情迷宫。因为这些感情迷宫使人难以辨明方向，找到出口。公正的读者，请设想一下，假如这个问题不是由你，而是由那位性格冲动而半野蛮的并受到绝望和妒嫉的烈火双重煎熬的公主来做出决定，结果会怎么样呢？她已经失去了他，而又是谁会拥有他呢？

4． 这个半开化的国王有个正处在豆蔻年华的女儿，其绝伦的美貌和他那异想天开的

古怪念头 一样令人难以形容，其狂野与蛮横与他如出一辙。自然，她是父亲的掌上明珠，国王爱她胜于一切。在他的朝臣中，有一个年轻人，他也像那些浪漫爱情故事里爱上公主的主人公一样，血统高贵，但地位卑微。这位公主对她的情人甚感满意，因为他英俊勇敢，在这个王国里无人能及。她狂热地爱着他，那充满野性的爱使她的热情超乎寻常的炽热。

IV. Cloze

This semi-barbaric king had a daughter as blooming as his most florid (1)f , and with a soul as fervent and imperious as his (2)o . As is usual in such cases, she was the (3)a of his eye, and was loved by him above all humanity. (4)A his courtiers was a (5)y man of that fineness of (6)b and lowness of station common to the conventional (7)h of romance who love royal maidens. This royal maiden was well satisfied with her lover, for he was (8)h and brave to a degree unsurpassed in all this kingdom; and she loved him (9)w an ardor that had enough of barbarism in it to (10)m_____ it exceedingly warm and strong.

This love affair moved on happily for many months, (11)u one day the king happened to (12)d its existence. He did not hesitate nor waver in (13)r to his duty in the premises. The youth (14)w immediately cast into prison, and a day was appointed (15)f his trial in the king?s arena. This, of course, was an especially important (16)o ; and his majesty as well as all the people, was greatly (17)i in the workings and development of this trial. (18)N before had such a case occurred; never before had a subject dared to love the (19)d of a king. In after-years such things (20)b___ commonplace enough; but then they were, in no slight degree, novel and startling.

The more we reflect upon this question, the harder it is to (21)a . It (22)i a study of the human heart which leads us (23)t devious mazes of passion, out of which it is (24)d to find our way. Think of it, fair reader, not as if the decision of the (25)q____ depended (26)u yourself, (27)b upon that hot-blooded, semi-barbaric princess, her soul at a white (28)h beneath the (29)c fires of despair and jealousy. She had lost him, but who (30)s have him?

V. Proofreading:

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: But how much oftener had she seen him at the other door! How in her grievous reveries had she gnashed her teeth, and torn her hair, when she saw his start of rapturous From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

1.delight as he opened the door of the lady! How her soul 1. 2.had burned agony when she had seen him rush to meet 2. 3.that woman, upon her flushing cheek and sparkling eye of 3. 4.triumph; when she had seen him led her forth, his whole 4. 5.frame kindled with the joy of recovered life; when she had 5. 6.heard of the glad shouts from the multitude, and the wild 6. 7.ringings of the happy bells; when she had seen the priest, 7. 8.with his joyous followers, advance the couple, and make 8. 9.them man and wife before her very eyes; and when she had 9. 10.seen them walk off away together on their path of 10. flowers, followed by the tremendous shouts of the hilarious multitude, in which her one despairing shriek was lost and drowned! Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Not that the desire to kill had suddenly come to her, or that she felt she would leave

India safer than she had found it, with one wild beast less.

It was not out of her sudden desire for_________________________ 2. In a world that is supposed by some people to be moved by hunger and by love, Mrs.

Packletide was an exception; her movement and motives were largely governed by dislike of Loona Bimberton.

As an exception in a world that _______________________________ 3. The one great anxiety was lest he should die of old age before the day of Mrs.

Packletide?s shoot.

People were greatly anxious__________________________________ 4. A goat, with a loud bleat, such as even a partially deaf tiger might be expected to hear

on a still night, was tied down at a correct distance.

A goat, with so ____________________________________________ 5. Mothers carrying their babies through the jungle after the day?s work in the fields

hushed their singing lest they might disturb the restful sleep of the old tiger.

For fear of disturbing the restful sleep of the old tiger,______________

References to the exercises

Text I

I. Paraphrase

1. fervent and imperious as his own: strong and arrogant From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

2. royal maiden was well satisfied with her lover: princess 3. ardor that had enough of barbarism in it: eagerness 4. waver in regard to his duty in the premises: falter to execute his power in his own territory

5. deed with which the accused was charged had been done: romantic affair 6. take an aesthetic pleasure in watching the course of events: enjoy watching with excitement

7. admittance: right of entrance 8. hum of admiration and anxiety: noise 9. Possessed of more power: With 10. possessed herself of the secret of the doors: managed to get 11.the damsels of the court: unmarried young women of noble birth 12. aspiring to one so far above him: desiring earnestly 13. those whose souls are one: who understand each other very well 14. lead us through devious mazes of passion: helps us get rid of the control of the confusing feelings and emotions of various kinds

15.her soul was at a white heat beneath the combined fires of despair and jealousy: she suffered badly from the torture of despair and jealousy 16.How often had she started in wild horror: been startled 17.in the blessed regions: holy 18. futurity: future time 19.Her decision had been indicated in an instant: made clear 20. anguished deliberation: agonizing self-debating 21. presume to set myself up as the one person able to answer it: suppose to regard myself

II. Rewrite the following

1. Like the conventional heroes of romance who love royal maidens, a young man among

the king?s courtiers was also one of that fineness of blood and lowness of station. 2. Her love for him appeared exceedingly warm and strong for her ardor of enough barbarism. 3. The king was always impatient to exercise his authority in his own domain. 4. According to the king, any fact of this kind would never be allowed to interfere with the workings of the tribunal in which he took such great delight and satisfaction. 5. To study the human heart, we find it just something of devious mazes of passion, out of which it is difficult to find our way.

III. Translate the following into English

1. But how much oftener had she seen him at the other door! How in her grievous reveries had she gnashed her teeth, and torn her hair, when she saw his start of rapturous delight as he opened the door of the lady! How her soul had burned in agony when she had seen him rush to meet that woman, with her flushing cheek and sparkling eye of triumph; when she had seen him lead her forth, his whole frame kindled with the joy of recovered life; when she had heard the glad shouts from the multitude, and the wild ringing of the happy bells; when she had seen the priest, with his joyous followers, advance to the couple, and make them man and wife before her very eyes; and when she had seen them

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

walk away together upon their path of flowers, followed by the tremendous shouts of the hilarious multitude, in which her one despairing shriek was lost and drowned!

2. This love affair moved on happily for many months, until one day the king happened to discover its existence. He did not hesitate nor waver in regard to his duty in the premises. The youth was immediately cast into prison, and a day was appointed for his trial in the king?s arena. This, of course, was an especially important occasion; and his majesty as well as all the people, was greatly interested in the workings and development of this trial. Never before had such a case occurred; never before had a subject dared to love the daughter of a king. In after-years such things became commonplace enough; but then they were, in no slight degree, novel and startling.

3. The more we reflect upon this question, the harder it is to answer. It involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion, out of which it is difficult to find our way. Think of it, fair reader, not as if the decision of the question depended upon yourself, but upon that hot- blooded, semi-barbaric princess, her soul at a white heat beneath the combined fires of despair and jealousy. She had lost him, but who should have him?

4. This semi-barbaric king had a daughter as blooming as his most florid fancies, and with a soul as fervent and imperious as his own. As is usual in such cases, she was the apple of his eye, and was loved by him above all humanity. Among his courtiers was a young man of that fineness of blood and lowness of station common; to the conventional heroes of romance who love royal maidens. This royal maiden was well satisfied with her lover, for he was handsome and brave to a degree unsurpassed in all this kingdom; and she loved him with an ardor that had enough of barbarism in it to make it exceedingly warm and strong.

IV. Cloze

(1)fancies (2)own (3)apple (4)Among (5)young (6)blood (7)heroes (8)handsome (9)with (10)make (11)until (12)discover (13)regard (14)was (15)for (16)occasion (17)interested (18)Never (19)daughter (20)became (21)answer (22)involves (23)through (24)difficult (25)question (26)upon (27)but (28)heat (29)combined (30)should

V. Proofreading: But how much oftener had she seen him at the other door! How in her grievous reveries had she gnashed her teeth, and torn her hair, when she saw his start of rapturous 1.delight as he opened the door of the lady! How her soul 1. √ 2.had burned∧ agony when she had seen him rush to meet 2. in 3.that woman, upon her flushing cheek and sparkling eye of 3. with 4.triumph; when she had seen him led her forth, his whole 4. lead 5.frame kindled with the joy of recovered life; when she had 5. √ 6.heard of the glad shouts from the multitude, and the wild 6. of 7.ringings of the happy bells; when she had seen the priest, 7.ringing 8.with his joyous followers, advance∧ the couple, and make 8. to From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

9.them man and wife before her very eyes; and when she had 9. √ 10.seen them walk off away together on their path of 10. off flowers, followed by the tremendous shouts of the hilarious multitude, in which her one despairing shriek was lost and drowned! Text II

Rewrite the following

1. It was not out of her sudden desire for killing, or of her feeling that she would leave India safer than she had found it, with one wild beast less. 2. As an exception in a world that is supposed by some people to be moved by hunger and by love, Mrs. Packletide?s movement and motives were largely governed by dislike of Loona Bimberton. 3. People were greatly anxious that he should die of old age before the day of Mrs. Packletide?s shoot.

4. A goat, with so loud a bleat that even a partially deaf tiger might be expected to hear on a still night, was tied down at a correct distance. 5. For fear of disturbing the restful sleep of the old tiger, mothers carrying their babies through the jungle after the day?s work in the fields hushed their singing.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

TEXT I

Unit Six

DULL WORK

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

There seems to be a general 1assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine; that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best.

Actually, there is no evidence that people who achieve much crave for, let alone, 2

eventful lives. 3The opposite is nearer the truth.

Immanuel Kant?s daily life was 4an unalterable routine. The housewives of Konigsberg set their clocks when they saw him pass on his way to the university.

The outstanding characteristic of man?s creativeness is the ability to 5transmute trivial impulses into momentous consequences. The greatness of man is in 6what he can do with petty grievances and joys, and with common physiological pressures and hungers. “When I have a little 7vexation,” wrote Keats, “it grows in five minutes into a theme for Sophocles.” To a creative individual all experience is 8seminal --- all events are 9equidistant from new ideas and 10insights --- and his 11inordinate humanness shows itself in the ability to make the trivial and common reach an enormous way.

An eventful life 12exhausts rather than stimulates. It is usually the 13mediocre poets, writers, etc., who go in search of stimulating events to release their creative flow.

It may be true that work on the assembly line 14dulls the faculties and empties the mind, the cure only being fewer hours of work at higher pay. But during fifty years as a workingman, I have found dull routine 15compatible with an active mind. 16Chances are that had my work been of absorbing interest I could not have done any thinking and composing oh the company?s time or even on my own time after returning from work.

Children and mature people 17thrive on dull routine, while the adolescent, who has lost the child?s capacity for concentration and is without the inner 18resources of the mature, needs excitement and novelty to 19save off boredom.

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The outstanding characteristic of man?s creativeness is the ability to transmute trivial

impulses into momentous consequences.

Man?s creativeness is especially shown in the fact that_________ 2. The greatness of man is in what he can do with petty grievances and joys, and with

common physiological pressures and hungers.

Man?s ability to ____________________________________ 3. An eventful life exhausts rather than stimulates.

In an eventful life, man?s creativity is _________________ 4. Chances are that had my work been of absorbing interest I could not have done any

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

thinking and composing on the company?s time or even on my own time after returning from work.

It would have been impossible for me to _________________ 5. People who find dull jobs unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to

do themselves when at leisure.

Finding dull jobs unendurable, those people, _____________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 轰轰烈烈的生活只会使人不堪重负，而并不能刺激人的创造性思维。通常只有那些平庸的诗人、作家才去搜寻一些激发灵感的事件来释放其创作能量。 2. 那些觉得乏味的工作难以忍受的人往往是那些不懂得充分利用闲暇的人。儿童和成人都能够从枯燥的日常生活中得到灵感，但是青少年却需要依靠刺激和新鲜来驱赶烦闷与无聊，因为他不但失去了童年的天生好奇心，而且还未具备成年人内在的应变能力。

3. 也许，装配线上的单调工作会使人能力丧失，心灵空虚，而唯一能够弥补损失的办法就是缩短工时和提高工资。但是在我50年的工人生涯中，我却发现枯燥无味的日常工作与活跃的思维毫不冲突。我从中依然能够享受到乐趣。而这种乐趣正是我以前在平淡的生活中所得到过的。那时我在水边一边重复地干着乏味的工作，一边与工作的伙伴交谈，脑海里同时酝酿着词句。那时的生活显得精彩无比。然而如果我当时的工作是非常迷人有趣的话，可能我就无法在上班时间，甚至在下班后的业余时间里继续思考和创造了。

4. 人类的创造能力突出地表现在将琐碎的突发奇想转变为轰轰烈烈的大事。人类伟大之处在于其处理不足为道的打击和欣喜的能力，在于其忍受常见的躯体折磨和情感困扰的能力。对于富有创造力的人而言，所有的经历都具有启发性——所有的事件都能够激发新的思想，加深对生活的理解——他那非凡人性的体现，就在于他能够把平凡的琐事变成令人瞩目的非凡成果。

5. 人们似乎普遍认为，杰出的人不能忍受单调刻板的生活，因为他们需要一种变化多样，新奇刺激的生活来使其聪明才智得到充分的发挥。人们还认为愚笨的人特别适合于枯燥的工作。据说，现代年轻人强烈反对从事工厂里乏味的工作的理由是，他们比以前的年轻人更聪明，受教育的程度更高。

IV. Cloze

There seems to be a general (1)a that brilliant people cannot stand (2)r ; that they need a varied, exciting life in (3)o to do their best. It is also (4)a that dull people are particularly suited (5)f dull work. We are (6)t that the reason the present-day (7)y protest so loudly (8)a the dullness of factory jobs is that they are (9)b educated and brighter than the young of the (10)p .

The outstanding characteristic of man?s creativeness is the (11)a to transmute trivial impulses (12)i momentous consequences. The greatness of (13)m is in what he can do with (14)p grievances and joys, and (15)w common physiological pressures and hungers. To a creative (16)i all experience is seminal --- all events are equidistant (17)f new ideas and insights --- and his inordinate

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

humanness (18)s itself in the ability to (19)m the trivial and common reach an enormous (20)w .

V. Proofreading:

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: It may be true that work on the assembly line dulls the faculties and empties the mind, the cure only being fewer hours of work at higher pay. But during fifty years as a 1.workingman, I have found dull routine compatible to an 1. 2.active mind. I can still savor the joy I am used to derive from 2. 3.the fact that while doing dull, repetitive work on the 3. 4.waterfront, I could talk with my partners and composing 4. 5.sentences: in the back of my mind, all at the same time. Life 5. 6.seemed glorious. Chances are that had my works been of 6. 7.absorbing interest I could not have done thinking and 7. 8.composing on the company?s time or even on my time after 8. 9.returning from work. People who find out dull jobs 9. unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to 10.do themselves when at leisure. 10. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Fortunate the man or woman who achieves a just balance between these three types of

activity.

If the man or woman achieves___________________________ 2. To season chores with work, and to intersperse them with a few happenings, is the

secret of a contented existence.

We will live happy if we________________________________ 3. I must confess that with their repetition, and perhaps because of their very

insignificance, chores can in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction.

Just because chores have to be done repeatedly, and perhaps are insignificant, they___ 4. The nature of a chore is that it is neither pleasant nor unpleasant in itself; it is entirely

neutral—but it is obligatory.

A chore in nature is_______________________________ 5. A happening came about in ways no one could predict, taking form from vaporous

imaginings or sudden impulse.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

In no ways_____________________________________

References to the exercises

Text I

I. Paraphrase

1. assumption that: belief 2. eventful lives: lives full of important events 3. The opposite is nearer the truth: The fact that people who achieve much are often content with the routine uneventful lives they live 4. an unalterable routine: a dull and regular 5. transmute trivial impulses into momentous consequences: be inspired by seemingly unimportant sudden ideas for the success in great achievements

6. what he can do with physiological pressures and hunger: his capacity to suffer illness and hunger

7. vexation: discomfort

8. seminal: highly original and influencing the development of future events 9. equidistant from：equally distant 10. insights: understandings 11. inordinate humanness shows itself in the ability to make the trivial and common reach an enormous way: excessive human feature is embodied

12. exhausts rather than stimulates: exhausts rather than stimulates creative power 13. mediocre poets: unsuccessful 14. dulls the faculties: weakens the natural abilities of the mind 15. compatible with an active mind: coexistent 16.Chances are that: It's very likely that 17. thrive on dull routine: succeed on the basis of 18. resources of the mature: ability of adaptation 19. stave off boredom: prevent in time

II. Rewrite the following

1. Man?s creativeness is especially shown in the fact that he is able to transmute trivial impulses into momentous consequences. 2. Man?s ability to do with petty grievances and joys, and with common physiological pressures and hungers shows his greatness as a man. 3. In an eventful life, man?s creativity is hindered instead of being activated. 4. It would have been impossible for me to do any thinking and composing on the company?s time or even on my own time after returning from work if my work had been of absorbing interest. 5. Finding dull jobs unendurable, those people, dull as well, don?t know what to do with themselves when at leisure.

III. Translate the following into English

1. An eventful life exhausts rather than stimulates. It is usually the mediocre poets, writers, etc., who go in search of stimulating events to release their creative flow.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

2. People who find dull jobs unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to do with themselves when at leisure. Children and mature people thrive on dull routine, while the adolescent, who has lost the child?s capacity for concentration and is without the inner resources of the mature, needs excitement and novelty to save off boredom.

3. It may be true that work on the assembly line dulls the faculties and empties the mind, the cure only being fewer hours of work at higher pay. But during fifty years as a workingman, I have found dull routine compatible with an active mind. I can still savor the joy I used to derive from the fact that while doing dull, repetitive work on the waterfront, I could talk with my partners and compose sentences: in the back of my mind, all at the same time. Life seemed glorious. Chances are that had my work been of absorbing interest I could not have done any thinking and composing oh the company?s time or even on my own time after returning from work.

4. The outstanding characteristic of man?s creativeness is the ability to transmute trivial impulses into momentous consequences. The greatness of man is in what he can do with petty grievances and joys, and with common physiological pressures and hungers. To a creative individual all experience is seminal --- all events are equidistant from new ideas and insights --- and his inordinate humanness shows itself in the ability to make the trivial and common reach an enormous way.

5. There seems to be a general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine; that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best. It is also assumed that dull people are particularly suited for dull work. We are told that the reason the present-day young protest so loudly against the dullness of factory jobs is that they are better educated and brighter than the young of the past.

IV. Cloze

(1)assumption (2)routine (3)order (4)assumed (5)for (6)told (7)young (8)against (9)better (10)past. (11)ability (12)into (13)man (14)petty (15)with (16)individual (17)from (18)shows (19)make (20)way

V. Proofreading: It may be true that work on the assembly line dulls the faculties and empties the mind, the cure only being fewer hours of work at higher pay. But during fifty years as a 1.workingman, I have found dull routine compatible to an 1. with 2.active mind. I can still savor the joy I am used to derive from 2. am 3.the fact that while doing dull, repetitive work on the 3. √ 4.waterfront, I could talk with my partners and composing 4.compose 5.sentences: in the back of my mind, all at the same time. Life 5. √ 6.seemed glorious. Chances are that had my works been of 6. work 7.absorbing interest I could not have done ∧ thinking and 7. any 8.composing on the company?s time or even on my∧ time 8. own 9.after returning from work. People who find out dull jobs 9. out unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to 10.do∧ themselves when at leisure. 10. with From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

Text II

Rewrite the following

1. If the man or woman achieves a just balance between these three types of activity, he or she will be fortunate. 2. We will live happy if we season chores with work, and to intersperse them with a few happenings. 3. Just because chores have to be done repeatedly, and perhaps are insignificant, they can, I must confess, in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction. 4. A chore in nature is entirely neutral, neither pleasant nor unpleasant, but obligatory. 5. In no ways did a happening come about predictably, instead, taking form from vaporous imaginings or sudden impulse.

From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

TEXT I

Unit Seven

BEAUTY

I. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:

For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call --- 1lamely, enviously --- whole persons.

The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite 2

paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so 3seductive --- and so ugly. One of Socrates? main 4pedagogical acts was to be ugly — and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was.

They may have resisted Socrates? lesson. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more 5wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off --- 6with the greatest facility --- the “inside” (character, intellect) from the “outside” (looks); but we are actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good.

It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in 7classical ideals of human excellence. By limiting excellence (virtus in Latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty 8adrift ---- as an 9alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment.

Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further 10on the defensive, morally.

That one can call a man “beautiful” in French and in Italian suggests that Catholic countries --- unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianity --- still retain some 11vestiges of the 12pagan admiration for beauty. But the difference, if one exists, is of degree only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex --- 13to the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women.

It does not take someone in the 14throes of advanced feminist awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages 16narcissism, reinforces dependence and immaturity. Everybody (women and men) knows that. For it is “everybody,” a whole society, that has 15identified being feminine with caring about how one looks. (In contrast to being masculine --- which is identified with caring about 17what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks.) 18Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation. What is accepted by most women as 19a flattering idealization of their sex is a way of making women feel inferior to 20what they actually are --- or normally grow to be.

Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evaluate each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on -- each in turn is submitted to an anxious, 21fretful, often despairing scrutiny. Even if some 22pass muster, some will always be found wanting. Nothing less than perfection will do.

In men, good looks is a whole, something 23taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions of the body, nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial --- almost 24unmanly. Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or 25

blemish is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that cluster of skin-colored moles on one

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cheek that saves Redford from being merely a “pretty face.” Think of the 26depreciation of women --- as well as of beauty that is implied in that judgment.

To be sure, beauty is a form of power. It is a power that negates itself. For this power is not one that can be chosen freely --- at least, not by women --- or 27renounced without social censure. 28To preen, for a woman, can never be just a pleasure. It is also a duty. It is her work. If a woman does real work --- and even if she has clambered up to a leading position in politics, law, medicine, business, or whatever --- she is always under pressure to confess that she still works at being attractive. But in so far as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex, she brings under suspicion her very capacity to be objective, professional, authoritative, thoughtful. 29Damned if they do --- women are. And damned if they don?t.

0ne could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of 30considering persons as split between what is “inside” and what is “outside” than that 31interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by defining women as caretakers of their surfaces, and then to 32disparage them (or find them adorable) for being “superficial.” It is a crude trap, and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the trap requires that women 33get some critical distance froth that excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been 34abridged in order to prop up the mythology of the ?feminine.” There should be 35a way of saving beauty from women --- and for them.

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person?s “inside” and “outside”, they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind.

In spite of the Greeks? ____________________________ 2. It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical ideals of human excellence.

Under the influence of Christianity, beauty _________________ 3. By limiting excellence to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift—as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment.

The notion of beauty was deviated—as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment, when Christianity_____________________ 4. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally. It is more reliable for beauty to be _________________ 5. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.

A. Assuming that _____________________________

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B. With these stereotypes in mind, one has, no wonder, attributed_

III. Translate the following into English 1. 在评价一个人的时候，把其外表与内涵割裂开来的做法是弊病多端的。对于这一点，受到传统偏见歧视的女性们所经历的漫长的即可笑又可悲的历史是最重要的见证。人们往往先把女人描绘成容貌的细心保养者，然后又把她们贬低为浅薄无知。这可是个赤裸裸的陷阱，一个历史悠久的陷阱。要走出这个陷阱，女人们可得与那被其视为完美与特权的美貌保持一定必要的距离，要远得足以看清，在多大程度上，美被抽掉了内涵，来支撑 “女性美”的神话。我们应该采取措施，使美貌不会成为女性独一无二的特征。这样，女性才能获得真正的美，实现自身的解放。

2. 精心打扮对于女性来说，绝不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且还是一种义务，是她的工作。如果一位女性从事真正的社会工作，即使她已经在政治、法律、医药、商业或其他方面通过努力奋斗登上了领导岗位，她仍然不得不承认自己依然为了保持女性的魅力而努力。然而，只要她为了保持女性的魅力而努力，她就使自己办事客观，职业能力强，权威性高，深谋远虑的能力大打折扣。无论是打扮还是不打扮自己，女人都要受到咒骂，真是左右为难。

3. 对于古希腊人来说，美是一种美德：一种完美的品质。那时候的人被认为是我们现在又羡慕又妒忌地称为 “完人”的人。如果古希腊人真要区分人的内在美和外在美的话，他们仍然认为内在美将会为另一方面的美所匹配。追随苏格拉底的那些出身高贵的雅典青年却发现这样一个矛盾的事实：他们所崇拜英雄是如此充满智慧，如此勇敢，如此可敬可亲而又富有魅力——但却又是如此其貌不扬。其实，苏格拉底丑陋的外貌本身就是他的一个主要教育方式——以此来启发那些天真单纯，但无疑是仪表非凡的追随者：生活本身是充满矛盾的。

4. 他们也许没有接受苏格拉底的教诲，但是我们却愿意遵从。几千年后的今天，我们对美的各方面的定义更加严谨的了。我们不但轻而易举地把内在美（也就是性格智力）和外在美｛也就是外貌｝截然分开，而且当我们发现一个可人儿竟然也会如此聪慧、有才而又善良时，我们会惊讶不已。

IV. Cloze

0ne could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of (1)c persons as split between (2)w is “inside” and what is “outside” (3)t that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by (4)d____ women as caretakers of their surfaces, and (5)t to disparage them (or find them adorable) (6)f being “superficial.” It is a crude trap, and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the (7)t requires that women get some critical distance (8)f that excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough (9)d to see how much beauty itself has been abridged in order to prop up the mythology of the ?feminine.” There should be a way of saving beauty from (10)w --- and for them.

They may have resisted Socrates? lesson. We (11)d not. Several thousand years (12)l , we are (13)m wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not (14)o split off --- with the greatest (15)f --- the “inside” (character, intellect) (16)f the “(17)o ” (looks); but we are actually (18)s when someone who is (19)b is (20)a_______ intelligent, talented, good. From:

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269

V. Proofreading:

The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. 1.Persons were assumed to be what we now have to call --- 1. 2.lamely, enviously ---the whole persons. If it did occur to 2. 3.the Greeks to distinguish a person?s “inside” from 3. 4.“outside,” they still expected that inner beauty would be 4. 5.matched by the beauty of the other kind. The well-born 5. 6.young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found 6. 7.quite paradoxical that as their hero was so intelligent, so 7. 8.brave, so honorable, so seductive --- and so ugly. One of 8. 9.Socrates? main pedagogical act was to be ugly — and 9. 10.teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciple of 10. his how full of paradoxes life really was. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. A well-accepted linguistic principle is that as culture changes so will the language.

The language will change with culture,________________ 2. A person working constantly with language is likely to be aware of how really deep-seated sexism is in our communication system.

Sexism is really deep-seated in our communication system, which__________ 3. Every night that I didn?t have anything more interesting to do, I read myself to sleep making a card for each entry that seemed to tell something about male and female.

Having nothing _____________________________________ 4. Perhaps the feeling was that the women had to trade in part of their femininity in exchange for their active or masculine role.

The women perhaps felt _______________________________ 5.This is in the way it is with dozens of words which have male and female counterparts.

It is also in case ____________________________________

References to the exercises

Text I

I. Paraphrase

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M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269