Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing
语法图解
探究发现
①I understand that you often use the example of the gymnast Sang Lan to show how people can find happiness even during times of a personal catastrophe.
②Inspired by Sang Lan's story, the students decide to work harder at their lessons.
③Turning to the left at the crossroads, you will see the railway station on your right.
④Having made our plan, we'll put it into practice. ⑤Not knowing what to do, she turned to me for help. [我的发现]
(1)①句中不定式作目的状语。
(2)②句中过去分词(短语)作原因状语；③句中现在分词短语作条件状语。 (3)④句中现在分词完成式作条件状语；⑤句中现在分词的否定形式作原因状语。
一、非谓语动词作状语 1．不定式作状语
(1)目的状语：to do, in order to do和so as to do, 其中so as to do 不能用于句首。
We eat to live rather than live to eat. 我们吃饭是为了活着，而不是活着为了吃饭。
In order to find hard evidence, he searched the whole house. 为了找到有力的证据，他搜查了整个房子。
[即时演练1] 完成句子
①他轻轻进来，以免把他的妻子吵醒。
He came in quietly so_as_not_to/in_order_not_to_wake his wife. ②为了在天黑前到达，我们很早就动身了。
In_order_to_arrive/To_arrive before dark, we started early.
(2)原因状语：跟在某些表示心理变化的形容词后面，如：glad, surprised, amazed, delighted 等。
We were surprised to find everything changed. 发现一切都变了，我们很惊讶。
(3)结果状语：可以表示出人意料的结果，这时其前有时用逗号隔开或加副词only；也可以用于too ...to ...“太……而不能……”， ...enough to ... “足够……”和so/such ...as to ... “如此……以至于……”句型中。
I hurried to Professor Wang's house, only to find he was out. 我匆忙地赶到王教授的家可是却发现他出去了。 He was so tired as to be unable to walk. 他累得走不动了。
[名师点津] 动词不定式在作表语或补语的形容词后面作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动含义，常见的此类形容词有 easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible, fit 等，该类形容词说明的是不定式的性质。
The poem is not easy to translate. 这首诗翻译起来难。
The music is pleasant to listen to. 这音乐听起来悦耳。 [即时演练2] (1)单句改错
①He was too excited to not say a few words.去掉not ②His speech was easy understand.understand前加to
③He tried his best to prepare for the contest, only be told it was cancelled.only后加to
(2)用所给动词的适当形式填空
①He looked out of the window to_find (find) the world outside greatly changed. ②I'm surprised to_see (see) that she has gone.
③The water is not fit to_drink (drink), so hold out until we get to a shop. 2．分词作状语
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(1)原因状语：分词用作原因状语，通常可转换成原因状语从句。
Getting up late (＝As he got up late), he missed his early train. 由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。
Greatly encouraged (＝As we were greatly encouraged), we made up our mind to carry on the hard work.
由于受到极大鼓舞，我们决心将艰苦的工作继续下去。 [即时演练3] 句型转换
①He asked the teacher for help, because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem.
→Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.
②As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder. →Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder. (2)时间状语：分词用作时间状语，通常可转换成时间状语从句。
Hearing the good news (＝When he heard the good news), he jumped with joy. 听到这个好消息，他高兴地跳了起来。
Seen from the hill (＝When it is seen from the hill), the park looks very beautiful.
从山上看，这个公园非常漂亮。 [即时演练4] 句型转换
①Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. →When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. ②When he was asked when he would arrive, he said it was uncertain. →Asked when he would arrive, he said it was uncertain.
(3)伴随状语或方式状语：分词用作伴随状语，通常可转换成并列谓语，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语的动作同时发生。分词用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近，有时可以转换成by doing sth. 结构。
Tom lay on the grass, staring at the sky (＝and stared at the sky) for a long time.
汤姆躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
He earns a living driving a truck (＝by driving a truck)． 他靠开卡车谋生活。
He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards (＝and he was followed by two guards)．
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他快步走向大厅，身后跟着两个卫兵。 [即时演练5] 用所给动词的适当形式填空
①(湖南高考改编)There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, staring (stare) at the night sky.
②(重庆高考改编)When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, telling (tell) me stories till I fell asleep.
(4)条件状语：分词用作条件状语通常可转换成条件状语从句。 Working hard (＝If you work hard), you will succeed. 努力工作，你就会成功。
Seen in the distance (＝If it is seen in the distance), the village looks more beautiful.
从远处看，这个村庄看上去更漂亮。 [即时演练6] 句型转换
①If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. →Turning to the left,_you will find the path leading to the park. ②United, we will stand; divided, we will fall.
→If we are united,_we will stand; if we are divided, we will fall. (5)结果状语：分词用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列谓语，它表示伴随谓语动作的发生而产生的自然结果。
The fire lasted a week, leaving nothing valuable (＝and left nothing valuable)． 大火持续了一周，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
[名师点津] 不定式和现在分词均可表示结果，但有区别：不定式表示结果，其动作发生在谓语动词动作之后，常表示未曾料到的结果或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only; 现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果。
[即时演练7] 完成句子
①他匆忙赶到那间屋子里，发现已经空无一人。
He hurried to the house, only_to_find that it was empty. ②他死了，留下了他的妻子和五个孩子。
He died, leaving_his_wife_with_five_children.
(6)让步状语：分词用作让步状语，通常可转换成让步状语从句。
Although living miles away (＝Although he lived miles away), he attended the course.
虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。
Defeated (＝Although he was defeated) again, the scientist didn't give up.
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