11.It may have been 表示“因为” It is because...
F：The reason is because... T：The reason is that...
...the reason may have been that curiosity attracted them... 表示“有可能”
there is a chance/possibility/ likelihood that... chances are (that)... the odds are (that)...
There is a strong likelihood that they will win the next election.
If you eat a balanced, low-fat diet, chances/the odds are (that) your arteries will stay healthy.
12.scent 表花香，成熟果实的香
aroma 表食物的香味，如煮熟的食物，热汤，饮料，咖啡
13.It is possible...
there is a chance/possibility/ likelihood that... chances are (that)... the odds are (that)...
独立主格
总结第一段：claim–response pattern
14.whether引导的让步状语从句中，用be动词原形，是一种特殊的虚拟，增加句式的文体色彩。
Whether it is bird, fish or beast,...
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support. Though he be the President himself, he shall listen to us. 变形，be置于句首 Be it bird, fish or beast,...
Home is home, be it ever so homely.
Home is home, though it be/is ever so homely.
15.are constantly after
be after... 追逐；追捕；想抓住或得到?? The police are after the fugitive. He's after my job.
I'm sure she's after my husband.
16.submit to... 服从??; 屈服于??; 甘心忍受?? All countries in the EU must submit to its laws.
I'm not prepared to submit to this painful course of treatment. 其他表示“服从，屈服于”的搭配： bow to...
The government refused to bow to terrorists. yield to... succumb to...
17.calf 大型动物的幼崽 e.g. 小牛
foal 小马，小驴 piglet 小猪 lamb 小绵羊 kid 小山羊，小孩子 fawn 小鹿 cub 小熊 kitten/kitty 小猫 puppy 小狗
chicken 小鸡 duckling 小鸭 gosling 小鹅 larva 小虫 infant 婴儿
也可以直接在动物名词前加young或baby young /baby elephant
snout 动物突出的口鼻部
18.Sticking
stick v. 探出来，伸出来 n. 木棍，手棒
Stick'em up! 不许动，举起手来！ Stick your tongue. 伸出舌头。 for dear life 拼命地 for life 终生，一辈子
The accident left her scarred for life.
19.swoops down
swoop 多表示鸟的动作，从上空冲下来 swoops down: dive down
20.no sooner recovers his equilibrium than no sooner...than 刚一??又??
No sooner does he recover his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. recover: restore
21.It nows satisfied merely to all the way 一直
表示“对??满意” be satisfied with/ to do... be content with/ to do...
..., but no sooner does he do so than a porpoise knocks him flat.
William S.Hart and the early 'Western' film
1.The early 'Western' film
In searching for a subject unique to the young nation some American writers of the 19th century turned to the land itself--the vast, largely untamed territory that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.
As settlement moved westward from the eastern seaboard, the West came to symbolize the qualities associated with that land--open, wild and full of opportunity.
Artists of all kinds found this symbol so evocative that a new genre emerged in literature and the arts: the Western. It's mainly about life in the 19th century in the American West, especially the lives of cowboys.
In 1903, Edwin S. Porter produced a short silent film, the [$i$]Great Train Robbery[$/i$], whose theme, crime and retribution, became a standard of Western filmmaking for 75 years.
The western film reached the height of its popularity from 1930 to 1950. After 1950 television Westerns drew audiences away from big-screen Westerns.
William S. Hart is noted for his insistence on realism in Westerns based on his own life in Dakota Territory. Hart directed and starred in silent movies from 1914 until 1925.
Hart was followed by the most influential of all Western filmmakers, John Ford.
Ford's 1939 movie [$i$]Stagecoach[$/i$] introduced John Wayne as the perfect example of the tough, taciturn Western cowboy, who became an icon of the movie Western.
In the 1950s, Western films were joined by a subcategory, the adult Western. It focused more on the psychology of the characters than on action. A classic example of the genre is [$i$]High Noon[$/i$], starring Gary Cooper.
In the 1970s and 1980s Westerns began to lose box-office appeal because social protest movements caused many Americans to question the cultural values presented in Westerns.
However, in the early 1990s, two Westerns won Academy Awards for best picture. One is [$i$]Dances with Wolves[$/i$] (1990), directed by Kevin Costner.
The other is [$i$]Unforgiven[$/i$](1992), directed by Clint Eastwood. Westerns were resurrected.
2.western stars 西部明星
superstar, megastar 超级巨星
3.appeared in 出演某部影片：
appear in a film/movie act in a film/movie
perform in a film/movie
主演：
play the lead in...
John Wayne played the lead in [$i$]Stagecoach[$/i$]. Star:
John Wayne starred in [$i$]Stagecoach[$/i$]. [$i$]Stagecoach[$/i$] starred John Wayne.
联袂主演“co-star”
Gary Cooper co-starred with Grace Kelly in [$i$]High Noon[$/i$]. [$i$]High Noon[$/i$] co-starred Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly.
Feature:
The movie featured Bruce Willis.
4.nothing but: only 只有，只不过
Nothing but a miracle can save her now. 现在恐怕只有奇迹出现，才能挽救她的生命了。 You are nothing but a thief. 你只不过是个贼而已。 nothing but=nothing more than
anything but: not at all 绝不是，一点也不
He is anything but a hero. 他绝对不是个英雄。 He is anything but stupid. 他一点儿也不傻。
all but: 几乎，差不多
It's all but impossible to read his writing. 要读懂他写的字几乎是不可能的。 The party was all but over when we came. 当我们到的时候晚会几乎要结束了。 The child was all but run over by the car. 这个孩子差点被车轧到。
5.supreme and unchallenged incomparable unequalled peerless be second to none
When it comes to singing, Mary is second to none.
6.It was Hart who
it is...who / that + 被强调成分
It is I who/that am to blame. It is me who/that is to blame.