that-impossible,主语incredible,insistent,从句 natural,necessary,possible,preferable,strange,urgent,vital等; 名词: desire,idea,pity,shame,suggestion,thing等; 动词: decide,demand,deserve,desire,insist,maintain,order,propose,recommend,request,require,resolve,settle,suggest,urge等 That-宾语从句 动词: advise,arrange,ask,beg,command,decide,demand,deserve,desire,determine,expect,insist,intend,maintain,move,object,order,prefer,pray,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge等 名词: advice,agreement,decision,desire,idea,insistence,motion,move,order,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,resolution,suggestion等 同上 of energy supplies.在缺乏能源的地区修建核电站是很紧迫的。 (3)It is a pity that she be late again.很遗憾她又迟到了。 (4)It is our desire that he have a good mastery of the language of English.我们希望他掌握好英语这门语言。 (5)It is desired that the law be put into effect immediately.人们非常希望这个法律能够立即生效。 (6)It is proposed that another he go abroad for further study.人们建议他出国进修。 (1)His father insisted that he learn MBA.他的父亲坚持认为他应该学习MBA专业。 (2)The manager required that the employee have a another look at the terms.经理要求这个雇员再看一看这些条款。 (3)She demands that all the children obey her.她要求所有的孩子都要听从她。 wish (that)及would rather (that)从句中的虚拟属下面3)虚拟方式。 that-表语从句 (1)His desire is that he be a fireman.他的愿望是当一名消防队员。 (2)My suggestion is that we set out early.我的建议是我们早点动身。 (3)My idea is that we be more careful about it.我的想法是我们对此要多加小心。 that-同位语从The government quite agreed to the urgent motion that a quality-oriented educational system be set up as soon 句 as possible.政府非常赞同这项关于尽快建立起素质教育体系的紧急提议。
说明:
(1)引导名词性从句的不仅that一词,但这里所指的具有虚拟方式从句的则是that-名词性从句;
(2)名词性that-从句可能是虚拟语气,也可能不是虚拟语气要根据句子的意思决定,不是所有的这类从句都是虚拟语气,也不是所有含有上述“暗示可能需要虚拟的词”的句子就一定是虚拟语气;
(3)动词原形虚拟方式是将should省略形成的,有时也可以不省略;但在美国英语中则必须省略;
(4)should与动词原形构成的虚拟方式也有可能使用should+动词现在完成形式,体现的是对于早先情况的虚拟,这种情况已经归于情态动词方式;
(5)有的时候也有可能使用would代替should表示虚拟语气,甚至也可能直接使用陈述语气的。例如:
Some suggest that it would be better to develop public transportation system. 有人建议最好发展公交系统。
(6)从句中的虚拟形式与主句的时态无关,就是说,虚拟语气不考虑全句的时态,只考虑与另一个动词的时间关系,即与这另一个动词是同时或在其后(即所说的现在)还是早先。例如:
It is suggested that she (should) be a teacher. 人们建议她当个老师。
It was suggested that she (should) be a teacher. 人们当时都建议她当个老师。
两句话中的虚拟语气没有受到全句时态的影响。又如: He said that I should be more careful. 他说我应该再小心一点。
He said that I should have been more careful. 他说你当初应该再小心一点才是。
两句话中的虚拟语气仍然与全句的的时态无关,但第一句属于对于“现在”的虚拟,是指相对于另一个动词said的“当前情况”而言的虚拟;而第二句则属于对于“过去”的虚拟,是指相对于另一个动词said的“早先情况”的虚拟。
(7)当宾语从句中的动词expect,think,believe为否定形式时可能使用虚拟语气,如: I never thought that such a boy (should) say to me like that. 我没有想到这么一个孩子竟然会这么对我说话。
I didn’t expect at all that the president come to our school in person. 我真没想到总统会亲自到我们学校来。
(8)It is (high或about) time that从句中的虚拟语气是that-主语从句中的一个例外,一般使用下面4)叙述的“过去时态虚拟形式”,如: It is high time that we went to bed.
我们该睡觉了。
也有可能使用should,如: It is time you should get up.
你该起床了。
这种从句中的动词为be且为单数时一般使用was形式,如: It is time he was on duty.
他该值班了。
这种从句的that经常被省略。that被省略后,也可以看作是定语从句,如: It is time we got on the train.
我们该上车了。
将time之后的从句看作是定语从句时,可以使用this等词,如: This is the time when you should get on the train.
你该上车了。
(9)wish和would rather(='d rather)后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气是that-宾语从句中的两个例外,一般也要使用下面4)叙述的“过去时态虚拟形式”,如:
I wish I had been you.
我当时要是你该有多好。 How I wish I were a bird! 我是多么想作一只小鸟。 I wish I were a hero, too. 但愿我也是个英雄。
I'd rather I didn't know you at all. 我宁愿压根就不认识你。
'd rather的变体为'd better,'d sooner和'd as soon,使用同'd rather。
(10)on condition that是作为一个短语介词来使用的,表示的是条件,但that实际引导的是一个同位语从句,所以其虚拟语气也由should+动词原形构成,如: I will invite you to the party on condition that you should obey our rule.
如果你能遵守我们的规则,我就邀请你来参加我们的聚会。
(11)定语从句偶有虚拟的情况,也可能使用should+原形形式: Anyone might say so who should know the truth.
知道事实的人都会这么说的。
(12)有些表示强烈祝愿或愿望口气的单句也使用动词原形虚拟形式: God bless you!
上帝保佑你。
Long live the people!
人民万岁!
(God) damn it!
该死!
So be it.
就这样吧。
4)Were-型虚拟形式的动词形态变化
(又称为“过去时态虚拟”或“时态倒推虚拟方式”) Were-型虚拟方式(Were-type subjunctive mood)主要用于除名词性-that从句之外的其他不需要情态动词的句子中,包括状语从句、定语从句等,以及2)中不使用动词原形虚拟方式的例外情况。这些句子中的虚拟语气的使用情况分两种情况,一是条件句的虚拟语气,一是其他语句的虚拟语气。
条件句(conditional sentence)的虚拟语气形式如下表:
条件句的虚拟语气 if条件句 对“现在”的虚拟 (1)If you tried harder, you would succeed.你要是再努力一些的话,你就会成功的。 (2)Were I you, I would have good luck.我要是你的话,我就该走运了。(省略if并倒装) 对“过去”的虚拟 (1)If you had tried harder, you would have succeeded.你当初要是再努力一些的话,你早就成功了。 (2)Had I been you, I would have had good luck.当时我要是你的话,我可就走运了。(省略if并倒装) 错综时间虚拟 (1)If you had tried harder, you would succeed now.你当初要是再努力一些的话,你现在就会成功了。 (2)Had I been you, I would have good luck now.当时我要是你的话,我现在就走运了。(省略if并倒装) 含蓄条件句 (1)What would I do without your immediate help?没有你及时帮助我可怎么办?(使用介词without) (2)But for the shepherd we would lose our way.要是没有这个牧羊人我们会迷路的。(使用介词but for) (3)He is working very hard. Otherwise, he would not catch up with the others.他现在非常努力。否则,他就赶不上其他人了。(使用连词otherwise) (4)How would she be to hear the news?听到这个消息她会怎样呢?(使用动词不定式) (1)What would I have done without your immediate help?当初如果没有你的及时帮助我会怎样做呢?(使用介词without) (2)But for the shepherd we would have lost our way.当时要是没有这个牧羊人的话我们就迷路了。(使用介词but for) (3)He worked very hard. Otherwise, he would not have caught up with the others.他非常努力。否则,他是不会赶上其他人的。(使用连词otherwise) (4)How would she have been to hear the news?当初她要是听到了这个消息她会怎样呢?(使用动词不定式) 说明:
(1)if条件句有两种情况,即真实条件句和虚拟条件句。因此是否使用虚拟形式要视情况而定。如果表达的并非与事实相悖,就要使用陈述语气: I will not go if it rains tomorrow.
明天下雨我就不去了。
(2)if 从句的虚拟属于过去时态虚拟形式,即“动词过去式”表示对于“现在”情况的虚拟,“动词过去完成形式”表示对于“过去”情况的虚拟。如果动词是be,则一律使用were的形式;主句的虚拟属于情态动词虚拟形式,一般使用“would+原形”形式表示对于“现在”的虚拟,“would+动词现在完成”形式表示对于“过去”的虚拟。第一人称也可以使用should,美国英语则一律使用would。例如: