more informed judgments.
显然,这些问题没有明确的答案。然而,专家和公众都开始意识到,他们每个人都有一些提供的辩论。许多风险专家一直习惯于看数字和概率现在承认原理看风险存在于更广泛的术语。与此同时,公众被提供更多的数据,使他们做出更明智的判断。 Throughout this discussion of risk assessment and management, we have made numerous references to costs and economics .It is not economically possible to eliminate all risk .Sometimes risk identification is all that is possible or required .A risk elimination process can be desirable but not always beneficial .As risk is eliminated ,the cost of the product or service increases. Many environmental issues are difficult to evaluate from a purely economic point of view , but economics is one of the tools used to analyze any environmental problem.
在整个风险评估和管理的讨论,我们已经多次引用和经济成本。它不是经济上可以消除所有的风险。有时风险识别所有可能的或必需的。风险消除过程可以可取的但并不总是有益的。
作为风险消除,产品或服务的成本增加。许多环境问题很难评估从纯经济角度看,但经济学的工具用于分析任何环境问题。 3.3ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 3.3环境经济学
Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources to produce goods and services and hoe those goods and services are distributed to the public .In other words ,economics is an allocation process that determines the purposes to which resource are put .In many aspects ,environmental problems are primarily economic problems .While this may be an overstay ,it is not possible to view environmental issues outside the normal economic process that is central to our way of life .Pollution prevention often takes on a purely economic aspect when we look at “waste in ,waste out” or mass-balance equations to determine the costs associated with waste .Businesses today cannot simply ignore the economics of environmental considerations. They are sometimes required to maintain environmental
management systems even to do business with certain companies or even countries .it could be argued that all
environmental
issues
are
also
economic
issues .Environmental destruction often occurs as a result of industry and individual energy consumption .Companies that mine coal ,drill for oil ,harvest lumber ,and burn fuels have a negative effect on the environment .Many of these negative effects could be offset by increased government regulation ,but such regulation ,but such regulation could also negatively impact industry and weaken the economy
.To
appreciate
the
interplay
between
environmental issues and economic s ,it is important to have an understanding of some basic economic concepts. 经济学是研究人们如何选择使用资源来生产商品和服务和锄头这些商品和服务分发给公众。换句话说,经济是一个分配过程,决定这些的目的是把。在许多越大,环境问题主要是经济问题。虽然这可能是一个过度发展,是不可能把环境问题在正常的经济过程,是我们的生活方式的核心。污染防治经常呈现出当我们看
一个纯经济方面“废物,废物”或质量平衡方程来确定相关的成本浪费。今天的企业不能简单地忽视环境因素的经济学。他们甚至有时需要维护环境管理系统与某些公司甚至国家做生意。可以这样说,所有环境问题也是经济问题。环境破坏经常发生由于行业和个人消费晨练。公司矿山煤炭、开采石油,收获伐木,燃烧燃料对环境产生负面影响。抵消这些负面影响可能会增加政府的规定,但这些规定,但这些规定也会对行业产生负面影响和削弱经济。意识到环境问题和经济之间的相互作用,重要的是要了解一些基本的经济概念。 RESOURCES 资源
Economists look at resources as the available supply of something that can be used. Classically , there are three kinds of resources :labor, capital ,and land .Land is commonly referred to as a human resource. Capital is anything that enables the efficient production of goods and services (technology and knowledge are examples).Land can be thought of as the natural resources of the planet .Natural resources are